survive什么意思

赵过：词根词缀

1

常见前缀

序号类别小类前缀例示

1

否定纯否定

a-,an-asymmetry,symmetry

amoral

immoral

anhydrous

hydrogen

oxygen

connectionism联通主义

dis-dishonest,dislike

dishonesty

in-,ig-,

il-,im-,

ir-

incapable,

becapableof

beableto

competent

incompetence

inability,ignoble,impossible,immoral,illegal,

legaldocument

legislature

irregular

rational

unrational

reasonable

unreasonable

ne-,n-none,neither,never

non-Nonn

Sensible

Sensitive

Sentimental

neg-Neglect

Dialect

un-unable,unemployment

laidoff

错误意义

male-,

mal-

malfunction,maladjustment

maltreat

mis-mistake,mislead

pudo-pudonym,pudoscience

anti-science

反动作意义

de-defend,

afencedgarden

demodulation

modulate

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2

FM

Frequent

FrequencyModulation

dis-disarm,disconnect

un-unload,

loadsthwith

uncover

discover

discovery

cover

covering

coverage

相反、相互对立

anti-,ant-antiknock,antiforeign

clockwi

anticlockwi

contra-,

contre-,

contro-

contradiction,矛盾

contrary

comparison

contrast

controflow

counter-,counterreaction,counterbalance

ob-,oc-,

of-,op-

object,

objectto

oppo,occupy

po

interpo

depo

impo

Theauthoritiesimpodheavytaxontobacco

industry.

with-withdraw,withstand

2

空间位

置，方

向关系

在……之上，

向……

a-aboard,aside

附近，邻近，边侧

by-bypath,bypass

byproduct

周围，环绕，回转

circum-,

circu-

circumstance,circuit

undernocircumstances

bynomeans

notatall

onnoaccount

在下，向下

de-descend,degrade

ascend

在内，进入

en-,encage,enbed

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3

abed

encave

外部，外

ex-,ec-,

es-

exit,eclip,expand,export

额外

extra-,Extraction

Extract

在前面

fore-forehead,foreground

(用于b,m,p之前),

ir-,表示“向内，在

内，背于”

in-,il-,

im-

inland,invade,inside,import

在……间，相互

inter-,

intel-,

international,interaction,internet

向内，在内，内侧

intro-,introduce,introduce

中，中间

medi-,

med-,

mid-

Mediterranean,midposition

Midvoice

Activevoice

Passivevoice

Theglassbroke.

Thebookllswell.

在上面，在外部，

在外

out-,outline,outside,outward

foreward

backward

在上面，在外部，

向上

over-,overlook,

俯瞰；忽视

overhead,overboard

向后，在后边，次

post-,Postscript

Post-war

Post

在前、在前面

pre-prefix,

affix

suffix

preface,preposition

在前，向前

pro-progress,proceed

在下面，下

sub-,suc-,

suf-,

sung-,

sum-,

sup-,sur-,

sus-

subway,submarine,

marine

suffix,suppress,

oppress

supplement

在…..之上

super-,

sur-

superficial,surface,superstructure

infrastructure

ultraviolet

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4

infrared

移上，转上，在那

一边

trans-translate,transform,transoceanic

formal

informal

conform

confirm

在…..下面，下的

under-underline,underground,underwater

向上，向上面，在

上

up-upward,uphold,uphill

upshot

3

时间，

序列关

系

先前，早于，预先

ante-,

anti-

antecedent,anticipate

unprecedented

先，故，旧

ex-expresident,exhusband

在前面，先前，前

面

fore-forward,forecast,foretell

中，中间

mid-,

medi-

midnight,midsummer

在后，后

post-postwar

在前，事先，预先

pre-,pri-preheat,prewar,prehistory

在前，先，前

pro-

prologue，prophet

prophesy

hearsay

再一次，重新

re-retell,rewrite

recollect

recall

refresh

flesh

reclaim

4

比较程

度差别

关系

副，次要的

by-byproduct,bywork

超越，额外

extra-Extraordinary

subordinate

superordinate

超过，极度

hyper-hypersonic,hypertension

超过，过分

out-outdo,outbid

超过，过度，太

over-overeat,overdress,oversleep

低，次，副，亚

sub-,suc-,

sur-

subeditor,

edit

edition

editional

editorial社论

subordinate,subtropical

赵过：词根词缀

5

超过

super-,

sur-

supernature,superpower,surplus,surpass

低劣，低下

under-undersize,undergrown,underproduction

副，次

vice-vicepresident,vicechairman

associate-professor

5

共同，

相等意

思

共同，一起

com-,

cop-,

con-,cor-,

co-

connect,combine,collect,combat,coexist,

co-operate

同，共，和，类

syn-,

syl-,sym-

symmetry,sympathy,synthesis

6

整个完

全意思

完整，完全

al-alone,almost,overall

完全，全

over-overall,overflow

全，总，万

pan-Panentheism,panorama

7

分离，

离开意

思

分离，离开a-，ab-,

abs-

away,apart,abstract,abstain

离去，处去

de-depart,decolour

分离，离开

dis-,di-,

dif-

divorce,disarm

离开，分离

ex-,e-expel,exclude,expatriate

离开，脱离

for-forget,forgive

离开

re-relea,resolve

分离，隔离

-parate,duce,lect

8

通过，

遍及

通过，横过

dia-diameter,diagram

通，总，遍

per-,pel-perfect,perform,pervade

横过，贯通

trans-transparent,transmit,transport

9

加强强化

a-arou,ashamed

加强

ad-adjoin,adhere

10

变换词

类作用

的前缀

be-,en-befriend,enslave,enable,enrich

ad-,ac-,

af-,ag-,

an-,ap-,

ar-,as-,

at-

adapt,accord,affix,aggression,arrive,assist,

attend,attract,arrange,assign

11

数量关

系

单一、一

mon-,

mono-

monotone,monopoly,monarch

单调

uni-,un-uniform,unicellular

二，两，双

ambi-,bi-,

bin-,di-,

twi-

ambiguous,amphibian,bicycle,diode,twilight

三

tri-tripod,tricycle

十，十分之一

deca,

deco-,

decade,decimal

赵过：词根词缀

6

dec-,

deci-

百，百分之一

hecto-,

hect-,

centi-

hectometer,centimeter,centipede

千，千分之一

kilo-kilometer

万，万分之一

myria-,

myri-,

mega-,

meg-,

micro-

myriametre,megabyte,microvolt

许多，复，多数

poly-,

multi-

polysyllable,multipmetre

半，一半

hemi-,

demi-,

mi-,

pene-,

pen-

hemisphere,demiofficial,miconductor,

mitransparent,peninsula

12

特殊意

义

首位，第一的，主

要的

arch-architect,

architecture

archbishop

priest

bishop

commissionary

TheAnalects

Sin

自己，独立，自动

auto-automobile,autobiography

善，福

bene-Benefit

Benefaction

优，美好

eu-eugenics,

genetics

euphemism

kickthebucket

passaway

passwater

sanitoryengineer

niorcitizen

niorto

juniorto

sophomore

freshman

Heisniortomebythreeyears.

old

恶，不良

male-,maltreatment,malodor

赵过：词根词缀

7

mal-malfunction

大，宏大

macro-Macroscopic

Microscope

Microsoft

大

magni-magnificent

微

micro-Microscope

13

术语听，声

aud-Audience

Auditorium

Audi-

Audible

Edible

生命，生物

bio-Biography

地球，大地

geo-Geography,geology,geometry,geopolitics,

geochemistry,geophysics

声，音调

phon-Phonograph

Phone

远

tele-television,telephone,telescope,telemeter

2.常见后缀

序号类别小类后缀例示

1

名

词

后

缀

具有某种

职业或动

作的人

-an,-ian

American,historian

-alPrincipal

President

Headteacher

PrimeMinister

Premier

Chancellor

Goahead

Principle

-ant,-entmerchant,agent,

spy

rvant,

publicrvant

stewedess

airhostess

Lioness

Student

Studio

-arscholar,liar,

scholastic

academic

academy

scholarship

赵过：词根词缀

8

grant许可

Takeitforgranted

peddler

-ard,-artcoward,

cowardice

laggard,braggart

hyperbole

rhetoric

personification

metaphor

simile明喻

asoldasAdam

aswhiteassnow

asbraveasalion

asstupidasanass

donkey

修辞

Stylistics文体学

Style

-arianhumanitarian,vegetarian

-arycretary,

SecretaryofState

StateCouncil

StateDepartment

Missionary

Priest

Baptize

Bishop

Archbishop

-atecandidate,

candid

undergraduate

postgraduate

graduateschool

-atoreducator,

spectulate投机

speculator

-cratdemocrat,

republican

bureaucrat

Conrvative

Labour

Demoractic

赵过：词根词缀

9

Republican

Demography

Demographics

-eeemployee,

payee

employer

examinee

examiner

-eerengineer,

engine

volunteer

-erbanker,obrver,Londoner,villager

peasant

farmer

-eJapane,Cantone

-essactress,hostess,manageress

feminism

Chairman

Chairwoman

Chairperson

female

porter

Surname

-euramateur,

amateurish

litterateur

-ianChristian,

Physiology

physician,

surgeon

physical

PEeducation

Physicist

Musician

Compor

Mazart

Compo

Composition

-icianElectrician,magician,technician

Mechanic

Mechanics

-icistphysicist,phoneticist,technicist

赵过：词根词缀

10

-icmechanic,critic

criticism

critical

criticize

-iedearie,auntie,lassie

-iercavalier,clothier,brazier

-ine,inaheroine,

heroin

ballerina

-istpianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist

-ivenative,captive

-logistbiologist,geologist

-orauthor,doctor,operator

-steryoungster,gamester,songster

名

词

后

缀

构成，具

有抽象名

词的含义

-acyaccuracy,

diplomat

diploma

diplomatic

diplomacy

-agecourage,storage,marriage

personage

-alrefusal,arrival,survival,

survive

survivor

denial,approval;manual,signal,editorial,journaldiary

journalism

journalist

correspondent

-ance,

-ence

endurance,

endure

enduring

importance,diligence,difference,obedience

obey

-ancy,

-ency

Frequency,

Frequently

Moreoftenthannot

urgency,efficiency,

efficient

effective

efficacy

efficacious

-bilitypossibility,feasibility

-craftwoodcraft,handicraft,statecraft

-cracyBureaucracy,democracy

赵过：词根词缀

11

Democrat

Democratic

Republican

Conrvative

Labor

-cybankruptcy,supremacy

-domfreedom,kingdom,wisdom

-ery,-rybravery,bribery,rivalry

rival

-etyvariety,

vary

various

varied

variable

dubious

dubiety

skeptical

doubtful

-faction,-f

acture

satisfaction,manufacture

factor

perfect

effect

-hoodchildhood,manhood,falhood

girlhood

-icenotice,justice,rvice

takenoticeof

payattentionto

EMS

ExpressMailService

Interstate

Turnpike

Highway

Superhighway

ExpressWay

AMERICANEAGLE

-inemedicine,

pharmacy

discipline,famine

-ingbuilding,writing,learning

-ion,

-sion,

-tion,

-ation,

-ition,

action,solution,conclusion,destruction,expression,

correction

赵过：词根词缀

12

-iexerci,merchandi

-ismsocialism,criticism;colloquialism,heroism

-itypurity,reality,ability,calamity

-menttreatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument

-monyceremony,testimony

testify

simplify

single

bachelor

BA

BS

Bachelorofscience

Bachelorofarts

master

doctor

PhD

spinster

chairman

chairwoman

chairperson

singular

plural

-nessgoodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness

or,-ourfavor,error

err

-osityCuriosity

Curious

-shiphardship,membership,friendship

-thdepth,wealth,truth,length,growth

-tudelatitude,

longitude

altitude

-ureexposure,

composure

repo

compor

compo

composition

Mozart

Beethoven

Thefifthsymphony

pressure,failure,procedure

赵过：词根词缀

13

-yglory,history,victory,

gloryrevolution

glorious

inquiry

名

词

后

缀

带有场

所，地方

的含义

agevillage,cottage

-arylibrary,granary

-ery,rylaundry,nurry,surgery

-oryfactory,dormitory,laboratory,obrvatory

带有学

术，科技

含义

-grapybiography,calligraphy,geography

-ic,icslogic,mechanics,optics,electronics

-ologybiology,zoology,technology

-nomyastronomy,economy,bionomy

-erychemistry,cookery,machinery

-yphotography,philosophy

表示人和

事物的总

和，集合

含义

-agebaggage,tonnage

-domnewspaperdom

-hoodneighbourhood,womanhood

-erycavalry,ministry

-urelegislature,judicature

表示物品

和物质名

称的含义

-ant,entsolvent,constant

-alsignal,pictorial

-arcollar,pillar

-erboiler,computer,

washer,cooker

-erydrapery

-ingclothing,matting

-mentinstrument,equipment,attachment

表示“细

小”的含

义

-cleparticle

-culemolecule

-elparcel

-enchicken,maiden

-etpocket,ticket

-etta,

-ette,etto,

cigarette,essayette

-kinnapkin

-ybaby,doggy

-lingduckling

-letbooklet

2

形容词

后缀

带有“属

性，倾向，

相关”的

含义

-able,

-ible

movable,comfortable,applicable,visible,responsible

-alnatural,additional,educational

赵过：词根词缀

14

-anurban,suburban,republican

-ant,-entdistant,important,excellent

-arsimilar,popular,regular

-arymilitary,voluntary

-icical,politic,systematic,historic,physical

-inemasculine,feminine,marine

-ingmoving,touching,daring

-ishfoolish,bookish,lfish

-iveactive,impressive,decisive

-orysatisfactory,compulsory

-il,-ile,

-eel

fragile,genteel

表示“相

象，类似”

的含义

-ishboyish,childish

-esquepicturesque

-likemanlike,childlike

-lymanly,fatherly,scholarly,motherly

-sometroublesome,handsome

-ymilky,pasty

表示“充

分的”含

义

-fulbeautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful

-ousdangerous,generous,courageous,various

-entviolent

表示由某

种物质形

成，制成

或生产的

含义

-enwooden,golden,woolen

-ousgaous

-ficscientific

表示方向

的含义

-erneastern,western

-warddownward,forward

表示“倍

数”的含

义

-bledouble,treble

pletriple

-foldtwofold,tenfold

表示“数

量关系”

的含义

-teenthirteen

-tyfifty

-thfourth,fiftieth

表示国

籍，语种，

宗教的含

义

-anRoman,European

-eChine

-ishEnglish,Spanish

表示“比

较程度”

的含义

-ergreater

-ishreddish,yellowish

-esthighest

-mostforemost,topmost

表示否定

-lesscountless,stainless,wireless

赵过：词根词缀

15

3

动词后

缀

表示"做

成，变

成，……

化

-ize,imodernize,mechanize,democratize,organize

表示"使

成为，引

起，使有

-enquicken,weaken,soften,harden

表示"

使……化,

使成

-fybeautify,purify,intensify,signify,simplify

表示"使，

令”

-ishfinish,abolish,diminish,establish

表示“成

为……，

处理，作

用”

-ateparate,operate,indicate

4

副词后

缀

-lypossibly,swiftly,simply

-ward,

-wards

downward,inwards,upward

-waysalways,sideways

-wiotherwi,clockwi

四、外报阅读

Computerpasswords

Speak,friend,andenter

ople’sarethefirstbutnot

chersaretryingtomakeiteasierforthemtobeboth

Mar24th2012|fromtheprintedition

often,

passwordhastobebotheasytorememberandhardtoguess,butinpracticepeopleemtoplump

fwives,ke

simplicitytoextremes:oneformerdeputyeditorofTheEconomistud“z”

whenhackersstole32mpasswordsfromasocial-gamingwebsitecalledRockYou,itemergedthat

1.1%ofthesite’surs—365,000people—hadoptedeitherfor“123456”orfor“12345”.

Thatpredictabilityletscurityrearchers(andhackers)createdictionarieswhichlistcommon

passwords,houghrearchersknowthatpasswordsare

incure,udieshaveonlysmallsamples

toworkon—websitessuchasRockYouhaveprovided

longerlists,butthereareethicalproblemswithusinghackedinformation,anditsavailabilityis

赵过：词根词缀

16

unpredictable.

However,apapertobeprentedatacurityconferenceheldundertheauspicesoftheInstitute

ofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,aNewYork-badprofessionalbody,inMay,shedssome

eco-operationofYahoo!,alargeinternetcompany,JophBonneauofCambridge

Universityobtainedthebiggestsampletodate—70mpasswordsthat,thoughanonymid,came

withufuldemographicdataabouttheirowners.

rshadbetterpasswordsthanyoungones.

(Somuchforthetech-savvinessofyouth.)PeoplewhopreferredlanguagewasKoreanor

Germanchothemostcurepasswords;rds

designedtohidensitiveinformationsuchascredit-cardnumberswereonlyslightlymorecure

thanthoprotectinglessimportantthings,likeaccesstogames.“Nagscreens”thattoldurs

rswhoaccountshad

beenhackedinthepastdidnotmakedramaticallymorecurechoicesthanthowhohadnever

beenhacked.

Butitisthebroa,

despitetheirdifferences,the70murswerestillpredictableenoughthatagenericpassword

dictionarywaffectiveagainstboththeentiresampleandanydemographicallyorganidsliceof

eauisblunt:“Anattackerwhocanmanagetenguessperaccount…willcompromi

around1%ofaccounts.”Andthat,fromthehacker’spointofview,isaworthwhileoutcome.

Oneobviousanswerwouldbeforsitestolimitthenumberofguessthatcanbemadebefore

accessisblocked,reasthebiggestsites,suchasGoogleand

Microsoft,dotakesuchmeasures(andmore),eof150bigwebsites

examinedin2010byMrBonneauandhiscolleagueSörenPreibuschfoundthat126madeno

attempttolimitguessing.

esites,laxitymayberational,sincetheir

passwordsarenotprotectinganythingparticularlyvaluable,

passwordlaxityimposcostvenonsiteswithgoodcurity,sincepeopleoftenuthesame

passwordforveraldifferentplaces.

Onesuggestionisthatlaxpasswordcurityisaculturalremnantoftheinternet’sinnocent

youth—rpossibility

isthatbecaumanysitesbeginascash-strappedstart-ups,forwhichimplementingextra

passwordcuritywouldtakeupvaluableprogrammingtime,theyskimponitatthebeginning

teverthereason,itbehovesthounwillingtowaitfor

websitestogettheiractstogethertoconsiderthealternativestotraditionalpasswords.

Skysaildactylgimcrackgolem

everalwordsinsteadofonemeans

anattackerhastoguessmoreletters,whichcreatesmorecurity—butonlyifthephrachon

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17

isnotonelikelytoturnup,throughfamiliarusage,,ofcour,it

oftenis.

MrBonneauandhiscolleagueEkaterinaShutovahaveanalydareal-worldpassphrasystem

employedbyAmazon,anonlineretailerthatalloweditsAmericanurstoemploypassphras

undthat,althoughpassphrasdoofferbetter

curitythanpasswords,eoffourorfive

randomlychonwords(forinstance,theheadlineabove)embering

veralsuc

again,pingtheinternetforlistsofthings

likefilmtitles,sportingphrasandslang,MrBonneauandDrShutovawereabletoconstructa

20,656-worddictionarythatunlocked1.13%oftheaccountsinAmazon’sdataba.

Therearchersalsosuspectedthateventhowhodonotufamousphraswouldstillprefer

comparedtheircollectionof

passphraswithtwo-wordphraxtractedatrandomfromtheBritishNationalCorpus(a

100m-wordsampleofEnglishmaintainedbyOxfordUniversityPress),andfromtheGoogle

NGramCorpus(harvestedfromtheinternetbythatfirm’sweb-crawlers).Sureenough,theyfound

considerableoverlapbetweenstructurescommoninordinaryEnglishandthephraschonby

Amazon’13%oftheadjective-nounconstructions(“beautifulwoman”)whichthe

rearcherstriedwereonthemoney,aswere5%ofadverb-verbmixes(“probablykeep”).

Onewayroundthatistocombinetheideasofapasswordandapassphraintoaso-called

astringofapparentgibberishwhichisnotactuallytoohardto

eformed,forexample,byusingthefirstletterofeachwordinaphra,varying

upperandlowerca,andsubstitutingsomesymbolsforothers—“8”for“B”,forinstance.

(“itaMc0Ttit8”isthusamnemoniccontractionofthetextinthebrackets.)Evenmnemonic

passwords,however,publishedin2006cracked4%ofthe

mnemonicsinasampleusingadictionarybadonsonglyrics,filmtitlesandthelike.

urityisirritating(askanyonewhoflies

regularly),andthereisaconstanttensionbetweenpeople’sdesiretobesafeandtheirdesirefor

hattensionpersists,thehackerwillalwaysgetthrough.