decadence

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名词解释

1．Romance:alongcomposition,inverorinpro,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,

tpopularthemeemployedwasthelegendofKingArthurandtheround

tableknight.

2．Ballad:astorytoldinsong,usuallyinfour-linestanzas,withthecondandfourthlinesrhymed.

3．HeroicCouplet:acoupletconsistingoftworhymedlinesofiambicpentameter,andwritteninan

elevatedstyle.

4．Renaissance:arevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14th

wofeatures:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassical

literatureandkeeninterestinactivitiesofhumanity.

5．Sonnet:14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.

6．Blankver:poetrywritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

7．Enlightenment:arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,logic,order,restrainedemotionand

accuracy.

8．Neoclassicism:the

tendencyisknownasNeoclassicism.

9．Sentimentalism:itwasoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthelaterdecadesofthe18th

entratedonthefreeexpressionofthoughtsandemotions,andprentedanewviewofhuman

naturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason.

10．Romanticism:imagination,

particularcharacteristicsoftheliteratureofromanticisminclude:subjectivityandanemphasison

individualism;freedomfromrules;solitaryliferatherthenlifeinsociety;thebeliefsthatimaginationis

superiortoreason;andloveofandworshipofnature.

11．LakePoets:theEnglishpoetswholivedinanddrewinspirationfromtheLakeDistrictatthebeginning

ofthe19thcentury.

12．ByronicHeroes:avariantoftheRomanticheroesasatypeofcharacter(enthusiasm,persistence,

pursuingfreedom),namedaftertheEnglishRomanticPoetGordonByron.

13．Realism:ekstoportrayfamiliarcharacters,situations,done

primarilybyusinganobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.

14．Aestheticism:anartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-political

themesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts.

15．Stream-of-Consciousness:itisaliterarytechniquethatprentsthethoughtsandfeelingsofa

arrativemode.

16．DramaticMonologue:akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelisteners

whorepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.

17．IambicPentameter:apoeticlineconsistingoffiveverfeet,witheachfootanunstresdsyllable

followedbyastresdsyllable,thatis,witheachfootaniamb.

18．Epic:alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthe

societyfromwhichitoriginated.

19．Elegy:apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual;mayalsobealamentoverthe

passingoflifeandbeautyorameditationofthenatureofdeath;atypeoflyricpoem.

20．Canto:toscanbeagreatpoem

21．Ode:acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyor

ewrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonorapersonoraasonortocommemoratean

event.

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22．Song:ashortpoemwithdistinctmusicalqualities,normallywrittentobettomusic.

23．Lyric:apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressaspeaker'gy,

songandodeareallformsoflyrics.

24．SpenrianStanza:anine-linestanzamadeupof8linesofiambicpentameterendingwithan

anzawascommontotravelliterature.

25．MetricalPattern:alyricp

rhymeschemeisababcbcdcdedee.

文学史

中古时期

f《贝奥武甫》:thenaturalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory,alliteration,metaphor,

understatements

ainandGreenKnight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》

eyChaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：theFatherofEnglishPoetry;TheCanterburyTales《埃特伯雷故事集》

（24stories)

文艺复兴时期

More:Utopia《乌托邦》-thecommunicationbetweenmoreandthetravelerwhichjustcame

backfromUtopia.

sBacon:thefirstEnglishEssayist;Essays《随笔集》-OfStudies,OfTruth(philosophicaland

literaryworks)

att:firsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.

Spenr:Poet'spoet;TheFairyQueen《仙后》(toQueenElizabethI)

mShakespeare:

Sonnet18(ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday)

四大悲剧：

Hamlet(revengeofthePrinceHamlet

KingLear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因

不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。前来求婚的法兰西国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。李尔王离位，大女

儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，当年的国王只好到荒郊野外。小女儿率队攻入，父女团圆。但战事

不利，被杀死，李尔王守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去。

Othello(奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。但由于他是黑人，婚事未被

允许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老

告密，不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔丝

狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当

他得知真相后，悔恨之余拔剑自刎，倒在了妻子身边。

Mecbeth（苏格兰国王邓肯的表弟麦克白将军立功归来，路上遇到三个女巫。女巫对他说了一些预言和

隐语，说他将进爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是柯将军的后代要做王。麦克白是有野心的

英雄，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。而后，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，害

死了贵族麦克德夫的妻子和小孩。恐惧和猜疑使麦克白心里越来越有鬼，也越来越冷酷。麦克白夫人

神经失常而自杀，对他也是一大刺激。在众叛亲离的情况下，麦克白面对邓肯之子和他请来的英格兰

援军的围攻，落得削首的下场

喜剧：AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》，AsYouLike

It《皆大欢喜》；TwelfthNight《第十二夜》

悲喜剧：RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

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17世纪英国文学

nne:theleadingpoetofMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry;AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《分

离：莫忧伤》

lton:ParadiLost《失乐园》（arevoltagainstGod'sauthority),ParadiRegained《复乐园》（how

ChristovercameSanta)——storiesweretakenfromBible

nyan:thesonofRenaissance;Pilgrim'sProgress《天路历程》(imagination,shadowing,realistic

religiousallegory)

18世纪英国文学

Novel：

ofreason,classicism,ntimentalismandromanticism(novels,pro,dramas,poetry)

Defoe:reprentativeofEnglishrealisticnovel;RobinsonCrusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(the

developmentofayoungmanfromanaiveandartlessyouthtoacleverandhardenedman)

anSwift:Gulliver'sTravels《格列佛游记》(fictional,satirical-humannature,theEuropean

Government,thedifferencesbetweenreligions,wholeEnglishstatesystem)

ielding:theFatherofEnglishnovel;TheHistoryofTomeJones,aFoundling《汤姆琼斯》，

satiric

Poetry：

Gray:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》

derPope:perfectedinheroiccouplet;AnEssayonCriticism《论批评》

mBlake:pre-romantic;SongsofInnonce《天真之歌》，SongsofExperience《经验之歌》-London,

TheTiger

Burns:ARedRedRo《一朵红红的玫瑰》

Drama:

dBrinsleySheridan:MasterofComedyofmanners;TheSchoolforScandal《造谣学校》

浪漫主义时期1798-1832

mWordsworth:theLakePoets;ThePrelude《序曲》；IWonderedLonelyasaCloud《我似流云天

自游》；TheSolitaryReaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features:poetofnatureandhumanheart

TaylorColeridge:thefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool;TheRimeoftheAncientMariner《古舟

子咏》

GordonByron:vigorous,strongandbeautiful;ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗尔德游

记》(spenrianstanza,fightsforliberty);DonJuan《唐璜》(abroadcriticalpictureofEuropeanlife);When

WeTwoParted《昔日依依别》；SheWalksinBeauty《她走在美的光影中》；TheIslesofGreece《哀希腊》

yssheShelley:OdetotheWestWind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连;Prometheus

Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(thevictoryforman'sstruggleagainsttyrannyandoppression)

ats:nsuous,colorfulandrichinimagery;OdetoaNightingale《夜莺颂》；OdeonaGrecianUrn

《希腊古瓮颂》

Scott:FatherofHistoricalNovel;combinehistoricalfactandromanticimagination

sten:wit,dryhumour,subtleirony,realistic;PrideandPrejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabethand

Darcy)；SenandSensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》

sLamb:PoorRelations《穷亲戚》;Dream-children《童年梦幻》;AReverie《幻想曲》

维多利亚时期

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：realisticnovel

sDickens:criticalrealistwriter;humour,wit,happyendings;ATaleofTwoCities《双城记》

(London&Paris,wherethereisoppression,thereisrevolution);DavidCopperfield《大卫科波菲尔》；Oliver

Twist《雾都孤儿》；HardTime《艰难时世》；GreatExpectations《远大前程》；DombeyandSon《董贝

父子》；PickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》

mMakepeaceThackeray:VanityFair《名利场》(tosatirizethesocialmore,decadenceand

corruptionofhistime;tocriticizethevaluesmeasuredbywealth)

Eliot:novelist,hernovelsarecelebratedfortheirrealismandpsychologicalinsights;AdamBede

《亚当比德》(socialinequality)；TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；SilasMarner《织工

马南》

Tennyson:succeededWordsworthasPoetLaureatein1850;Break,Break,Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍

吧》；CrossingtheBar《过沙洲》

Browning:dramaticmonologues;MyLastDuchess《我已故的公爵夫人》

nteSisters:

Charlotte:JaneEyre《简爱》：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。

但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人

入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相

互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢

于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。

Emily:WutheringHeights《呼啸山庄》：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋

爱不遂，外出致富，回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。

Anne:AgnesGray《安格尼斯格雷》

20世纪英国文学

Hardy:feature:pastandmodern,critical,realism,determinism;TessofThe

D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》

lsworthy:FromtheFourWinds《四季的风》；TheManofProperty《有产业的人》；TheSilverBox

《银盒》

BernardShaw:structurallyandthematically,vividly;MrsWarren'sProfession《华伦夫人的职业》；

Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》(transformacockney-speakingflowergirlintoawomanaspoidandwell-spoken

asaduchess);TheAppleCart《苹果车》

ilde:aestheticism;TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales《快乐王子》；ThePictureofDorianGray《道

林格雷的画像》

ce:firstintroducethemesofpsychologyintohisworks;SonsandLovers《儿子和情人》；The

WhitePeacock《白孔雀》

iaWoolf:stream-of-consciousness;feminist;TotheLighthou《到灯塔去》；MrsDalloway《达洛

维夫人》

oyce:Ulyss《尤利西斯》(streamofconsciousness,amodernproepic);Dubliners《都柏林人》