horrifying

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英国

Renaissance：Thetermoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts

andsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism(蒙昧主义）.Humanismisthe

lmainstreamofEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethan

dramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.

Humanism:asizesthedignityof

stsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatman

wasthecenteroftheuniverandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthe

prentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimlfandtoperformwonders.

Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatistinanidealizedworldanddealswithheroic

ally,theterm

referredtoamedievaltaledealingwiththelovesandadventuresofkings,knightsandladies,

ainandtheGreenKnightisthe

bestofmedievalromances.

UniversityWits:UniversityWitsreferstoagroupofscholarsduringtheElizabethanAge

metoLondonwiththeambitionto

themlaterbecamefamouspoetsandplaywrights.

Theywerecalled“UniversityWits”.ChristopherMarloweisthemostgiftedofthe

UniversityWits.

MetaphysicalPoetry:Metaphysicalpoetryisaderogatory(贬义的）terminventedby

JohnDrydenandlateradoptedbySamuelJohnsondescribingaschoolofhighlyintellectual

poetrymarkedbybold(大胆的)andingenious(有独创性的）conceits,imagery,complexity

ofthought,nthemesarelove,death,ef

reprentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.

CavalierPoets:Thecavaliersareroyalists,whopoetrywasmarkedbycourtliness,

urbanity(雅致，礼貌）,andpolish（优雅）.Theywerelyricalpoets,anddealtchieflywiththe

themeofloveandthethemeof“carpediem”(及时行乐）.Thechiefreprentativeofthis

schoolwasBenJonson.

Neoclassicism:Arevivalinthe17thand18thcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,

balance,andharmonyinliterature,JohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeweremajorexponents

oftheneoclassicalschool.

BritishRomanticism:Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,and

artinWesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasarevoltagainst

icismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,

teristics:subjectivism;spontaneity;

singularity;worshipofnature;simplicity.

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Modernism:Itisaninternationalmovementinliteratureandarts,especiallyinliterary

criticism,ismtakestheirrationalphilosophy(非

理性哲学)andthetheoryofpsycho-analysis(精神分析)

modernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivateandsubjunctivethanonthepublicand

objective,racteristicsofmodernists

writingsareasbelow:complexityandobscurity(晦涩);theuofsymbols;allusion;irony.

Streamofconsciousness:“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,is

estyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitate

thenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmental

irstudbytheIrishnovelistJames

ovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyand

skillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,

particularlythehesitant,misted(模糊的）,distracted（心烦意乱的）andillusory（错觉的）

ernAmericanwriterWilliam

tories,actionandplotswereless

importantthanthereactionsandinnermusings（沉思）quenceswere

derfeelshimlftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthanan

egreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.

BlackHumor:Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful(恶意的),naive,orinept(笨拙的)

charactersinafantasticorhorriblemodernworldplayingouttheirrolesina“tragicfarce(闹

剧)”，inwhichtheeventsareoftensimultaneouscomic,horrifying,

Heller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.

TheTheateroftheAbsurd:Itreferstoakindofdramathatexplainsanexistential

ideologyandprentsaviewoftheabsurdityofthehumanconditionbyabandoningofusual

orrationaldevicesandtheuofnonrealisticform.

TheAngryYoungMan:TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphra(标语)

aorks

mainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclasstowardstheestablishedsociopolitical

ywrightJohnOsbornewasthe

exampleoftheangryyoungmenwithhisplayLookBackinAnger.

美国

AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.

ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,the

flourishingpublicationsandavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansion

icssharedsomecharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,

icvalueswereprominentinAmerican

politics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.

AmericanTranscendentalism:AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitude

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scendsomethingistoriabove(克服)it,topassbeyondits

nscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismof

orfeaturesoftheAmericanTranscendentalismcanbesummarized

asfollows:First,transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemost

importantthinginUniver;Second,theystresdtheimportanceofindividuals;Third,they

offeredafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.

AmericanNaturalism:TheAmericanNaturalismacceptedthemorenegative

interpretationofDarwin’volutionarytheoryandudittoaccountforthebehaviorof

thocharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinations

ofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.

AmericanNaturalismwavolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecame

omorethana

gloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,risaleadingfigure

ofthisschool.

AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodto

asareactionagainstthelieof

mturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowarda

faithfulrendering(表现)oftheordinary,essthe

concernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealistic

viewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.

AmericanPuritanism:

Americanpuritans,liketheirEnglishBrothers,ceptthedoctrineand

practiceofpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthrougha

tothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenew

continent,anPuritanismissomuchapartof

thenationalatmosphereratherthanatoftenets.

LocalColorism:LocalColorismorregionalismasatrendtofirstmadeitsprencefelt

imateaimofthelocalcoloristsisto

writeortoprentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfrom

others,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.

Determinism:Determinismisthephilosophicalbeliefthateventsareshapedbyforces

inism,importanttotheliteratureattheendof

the19thcentury,assignscontrolespeciallytoheredityandenvironment,withouteking

inismusuallyleadstothetragicfateofthe

charactersinnovel.

Psychologicalrealism:Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyinto(探

究）thecomplexitiesofcharacters’ames’

snovelT

evedthatrealityliesin

theimpressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisu

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naware.

Imagism:Imagismwasapoeticvogue(流行)thatflourishedinEngland,andevenmore

lannedandexemplifiedbyagroupofEnglishandAmerican

writersinLondonasarevoltagainstthentimentalanddiscursive(散漫的)poetryatthe

icalimagistpoetrylikestoexpressthewriters’momentary

impressionofavisualobjectorsceneandoftentheimpressionisrendered(提出)bymeans

timagistpoem,InastationoftheMetrois

writtenbyEzraPound.

SouthernRenaissance:TheSouthernRenaissanceistherevivalofAmericanSouthern

thewritingsinthisunit

featuredthestrugglebetweenthowhoembracedsocialchangesandthowhoweremore

tersandintellectualsoftheSouthafter

thelate1920swereengagedinanattempttocometotermsnotonlywiththeinheritedvalues

oftheSoutherntradition,butalsowithacertainwayofperceivinganddealingwiththepast.

TheLostGeneration:Thistermhasbeenudtodescribethepeopleofthepostwar

ribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”or

slikeHemingwaywerecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesand

wanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,andbeautiesof

nature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.

TheBeatGeneration:TheBeatGenerationreferstoalooly-knitgroupofpoetsand

novelists,aredatofsocial

attitudes——anti-establishment,anti-political,anti-intellectual,oppodtotheprevailing

cultural,literal,andmoralvalues,andwereinfavorofunfettered(无拘无束的）

lf-realizationandlf-expression.

HemingwayCodeHero:AsaconceptfromHemingway’sworks,codeheroisdefined

byHemingwayasamanwholivescorrectly,followingtheidealsofhonour,courageand

enduranceinaworldthatissometimeschaotic(混乱的）,oftenstressful,andalwayspainful.

Acodeheroisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,amanwhoisnsitiveand

intelligent,ndofpeopleareusuallyspiritually

strong,withcertainskills,andmostofthemencounterdeathmanytimes.

JazzAge:TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodfrom1918to1929,theyearsaftertheendof

WorldWarI,continuingthroughtheRoaringTwentiesandendingwiththerioftheGreat

heprominentconcernsandtrendsoftheperiodarethe

publicembraceoftechnologicaldevelopmentsaswellasnewmoderniststrendsinsocial

behavior,rentativewriterisF·ScottFitzgeraldwithhisnovelThe

greatGatsby.

WasteLandPainters:WasteLandPaintersrefertosuchwritersasF·ScottFitzgerald,

T·SEliot,eirwritings,allofthempaints

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thepost-warwesternworldasawasteland,lifelessandhopeless.