19英语

RelativeClaus定语从句（关系从句）

uallyfollowand

"agree"r,

theyusuallyhavenoeffectontheS+Vrelationship.

Examples:

ThemanwhoworksatIBMcomesfromHongKong.

ThehouthatJackbuiltremainmpty.

Thepeoplewhocametothepartyhadagreattime.

Thowhoarriveearlyareentitledtoarebate.

Iateanapplethathadaworminit.

SheistheonewhoItoldyouabout.

Themanwholivesoverthereismyuncle.

Oneofthemenwholivesoverthereismyuncle.

Onlyoneofthepeoplewhoworkinthecompanyisqualified.

Mostrelativeclausuthewordswho,whom,who,which,that,whenorwhere.

ThisistheplacewhereImetmywife.

PaulisthemanwholovesMary.

Simonisthemanwho(m)Maryloves.

(subjectposition)

(objectposition)

Commaswhichtoffrelativeclausfunctionlikeparenthes()indicatingnon-esntial

information.

Mywife,whoisadoctor,worksatCommunityHospital.

Mywife(whoisadoctor)worksatCommunityHospital.

Withoutcommas,relativeclausspecifyonememberofagroup:

Mybrotherwhoisascientistworksattheuniversity.

MybrotherwhoisamechanicworksatBob’sGarage.

Specifies“whichbrother”(oneofmany)

ReducedRelativeClaus

Sampleusagefromthearticle:

•Otherregions(whichwere)surveyed…

•…partofaUS-badprogramme(whichis)knownas…

Youmaydeletetherelativepronoun(who,that,which)andthe“be”verbwhen:

efollowedbyaprepositional

phra.

whoisinthehoulikestowatchtelevisionallday.

Themaninthehoulikestowatchtelevisionallday.

ksthatareonthedeskaremine.

Thebooksonthedeskaremine.

nverbintherelativeclau

isprogressive.

whoisswimminginthelakeismyfather.

Themanswimminginthelakeismyfather.

thesthatarelyingonthefloorbelongtome.

Theclotheslyingonthefloorbelongtome.

nverbintherelativeclau

ispassive.

veywhichwasconductedbythegovernmentdidnotindicatetruepublicopinion.

Thesurveyconductedbythegovernmentdidnotindicatetruepublicopinion.

dthatwaatenbythemicewaspoisonous.

Thefoodeatenbythemicewaspoisonous.

ReducingAdverbialClaus

Sametime

Timeclauswith"while"and"when"canbereducedbydeletingthesubjectand"be"

verb.

•WhileIwaatingdinner,Iwatchedtelevision.

•Whileeatingdinner,Iwatchedtelevision.

•WhenyouareinRome,(you)doastheRomansdo.

•WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.

Ifthereisno"be"verb,changetheverbinthesubordinatingclautoits-ingform.

Sometimesthesubordinator(whenorwhile)canbedeletedaswell.

•WhenIopenedthedoor,Isawastrangesight.

•Whenopeningthedoor,Isawastrangesight.

•Openingthedoor,Isawastrangesight.

Note:Ifthesubjectsaredifferent,youmaynotreducetheadverbialclau.

•WhileIwastakingashower,mysistercalledfromCalifornia.

•(NOT)Whiletakingashower,mysistercalledfromCalifornia.

Becarefulwhenreducingtimeclausthatcomeattheendofntences.

•Wesawmanybeautifulbirdswhilewewerefishinginthelake.

•Wesawmanybeautifulbirdswhilefishinginthelake.

•(NOT)Wesawmanybeautifulbirdsfishinginthelake.

Inthelastntence,themeaningisambiguous:Arewefishingorarethebirdsfishing?

Differenttimes

•AfterIfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttobed.

•Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttobed.

•AfterIhadfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttobed.

•Afterhavingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttobed.

•Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttobed.

•Beforeheleftthedance,Jerrysaidgood-byetohisgirlfriend.

•Beforeleavingthedance,Jerrysaidgood-byetohisgirlfriend.

Otherclaus

Sometimesclauswithbecaucanbereduced.

•Becauhewasadoctor,Georgeknewhowtohandlethesituation.

•Beingadoctor,Georgeknewhowtohandlethesituation.

•Asadoctor,Georgeknewhowtohandlethesituation.

RestrictiveClaus

Therearetwotypesofrelativeclaus,ctive

clausspecifywhich(ofmany)notrequire

commas.

Forexample,

Ihavethreebrothers.

MybrotherwholivesinVirginiaisarocketscientist.

MybrotherwholivesinOhioisacivilengineer.

MybrotherwholivesinHawaiiisasurfer.

Eachos

“whichone.”

Non-restrictiveclaus,ontheotherhand,relygive

rwords,theytellmoreaboutthesametopic.

Thecommasfunctionasparenthes.

Ihaveonebrother.

Mybrother(whoisfromOklahoma)isanarchitect.

Mybrother,whoisfromOklahoma,isanarchitect.

NounClaus

Nounclauudasanobject

Hesaidsomething.

SVO

Hesaidthathewassick.

Nounclauudasasubject

Somethingisyourbusiness.

SV

Whateveryoudoisyourbusiness.

Someoneisstillinthecafeteria.

SV

Whoeveratemylunchisstillinthecafeteria.

Whatdidhesay?

Whatisyourbusiness?

Whoisinthecafeteria?

Thesubordinatormaytakethe"subject"or"object"positioninanounclau.

Notetheusageofthefollowing:

HenrylovesMary.(SVO)

MarylovesJim.(SVO)

Thepersonwho(m)Leelovesisacret.

ThepersonwholovesTimisacret.

Who(m)Henrylovesisacret.

Maryisthe"object"ofthentence.

Maryisthe"subject"ofthentence.

Relativeclau(on)

Relativeclau(on)

Nounclau(on)

Nounclau(on)

WholovesTimisacret.

Subordinatorswhichareudinnounclaus:

(SomeofthewordsarealsoudinGrammar:RelativeClausandGrammar:Wh-

Questions.)

that

what

who

whoever

whatever

whether

which

where

when

how

why

if

howmuch

howmany

howlong

howfar

howoften

who

Remembertoprervewordorderinnounclaus:

Idon’tknowwhoheis.

Whoeversheisisnotimportant.

Whateverisintheboxisamystery.

Canyoutellmewhatheisdoing?

Shedoesn'tundestandwhyheisleaving.

Iwonderhowmuchthatcosts.

Doyouknowhowlongitwilltake?