ArecacatechuL.

更新时间:2023-07-02 09:42:28 阅读：评论：0

Fruits (Trade winds fruit)

Ornamental trees (Rafael T. Cadiz)LOCAL NAMES

English (betelnut palm,arecanut,betel palm,betel-nut,supari palm,pinang

palm); Filipino (bunga); French (arec cachou,Arequier); German

(Arecapalme,Betelnußpalme); Hindi (adike,poogiphalam,adakka,supari); Italian (Avellana d'India); Malay (adakka-maram,kavugu); Sinhala (puwak);

Spanish (palma catechou); Tamil (kamugu); Thai (maak mia); Trade name

(areca nut,betel nut); Vietname (cao)

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BOTANIC DESCRIPTION

Arecanut is an erect, unbranched palm reaching heights of 12-30 m,

depending upon the environmental conditions. The stem, marked with

scars of fallen leaves in a regular annulated form, becomes visible only

when the palm is about 3 years old. Girth depends on genetic variation

and soil conditions. Root system adventitious, typical of monocots.

The adult palm has 7-12 open leaves, each with a sheath, a rachis and

leaflets. The leaf stalk extends as the midrib until the end of the leaf and东营一中

ends as leaflets.

Male flowers very numerous, ssile, without bracts; calyx 1-leaved, small,

3-cornered, 3-parted; petals 3, oblong, rigid striated; stamens 6, anthers

sagittate. Female flowers solitary or 2 or 3 at or near the ba of each

ramification of the spadix, ssile, without bracts; pals permanent;

staminodes 6, connate, styles scarcely any; stigmas 3, short, triangular.

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Fruit a monolocular, one-eded berry, 3.8-5 cm long, smooth orange or

scarlet when ripe, with a fibrous outer layer.

The generic name is derived from the common name ud by the people

of the Malabar Coast in southwestern India.

BIOLOGY

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Arecanut palm is a monoecious plant with male and female flowers

occurring on the same spadix. Every year 3-4 inflorescences are

produced. The first inflorescence on young palms may produce only male

flowers. The male flowers open for a few hours, shedding pollen most in

the morning; bees and other incts collect this. The average male

flowering period is 2-4 weeks; after this the stigmas in female flowers

become receptive for 3-4 days. The sweet-scented male flowers are

visited by bees and other incts for nectar, but incts have not been

obrved visiting the female flowers. It is thought that most of the flowers

are wind pollinated.Habit of fruiting (Rafael T. Cadiz)

ECOLOGY

Arecanut almost always exists in cultivation; therefore, conditions of its natural habitat are difficult to asss. It however thrives in areas of high rainfall. Although tolerant to moderate elevations on mountains, it generally does best in low altitudes. Being a shade-loving species, arecanut always does well when grown as a mixed crop with fruit trees.BIOPHYSICAL LIMITS

Altitude: 0-1 000 m, Mean annual temperature: 14-36 deg. C, Mean annual rainfall: 750-4 500 mm

Soil type: Soil should be deep to ensure a well-developed root system with high organic carbon content and a pH range from acidic to neutral.DOCUMENTED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION

The map above shows countries where the species has been planted. It does neither

suggest that the species can be planted in every ecological zone within that country,

nor that the species can not be planted in other countries than tho depicted. Since

usnewssome tree species are invasive, you need to follow biosafety procedures that apply to

your planting site.

Exotic range

Native range

China, Indonesia, Malaysia Fiji, India, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon

Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, US

Native:

Exotic:

PRODUCTS

Fibre: The husk fibres are predominantly compod of cellulo with varying proportions of hemi-cellulo, lignin, pectin and protopectin. Bad on various tests, it has been propod that the husk fibre could be ud in making such items as thick boards, fluffy cushions and non-woven fabrics. Trial experiments have shown that satisfactory yield and quality of brown wrapping paper could be prepared from blends of arecanut and bamboo or banana pudostem pulp. Timber: Arecanut stem forms a uful building material in the villages, and it is widely ud throughout southeast Asia for a variety of construction purpos. The timber can also be ud in making a variety of utility articles such as rulers, shelves and waste paper baskets. Nails made from areca stem are widely ud in the furniture industry.

Tannin or dyestuff: Long before the nature and properties of tannins were determined, the tannins in arecanut were being ud for dyeing clothes, as adhesives in plywood manufacture, and for tanning leather for home u in southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean countries. The tannins are obtained as a byproduct in preparing immature betelnuts for chewing.

Lipids: The nut contains 8-12% fat that has characteristics comparable with hydrogenated coconut o

aggressivenessil. It contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Arecanut fat can be extracted by using hexane as a solvent, and the fat can be made edible by refining it with an alkali. Simple blending of arecanut fat with butterfat followed by inter-esterification gives good products, acceptable in confectioneries.

Alcohol: Innoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the leaves of arecanut can be ud as a fermentation stimulant in industrial alcohol production.

Poison: The arecanut decoction as well as arecoline and its salts have been found to be effective on various helminth infections such as tho caud by Taenia spp.

Medicine: Arecanut is ud against anaemia, fits, leucoderma, leprosy, obesity and worms. In combination with other ingredients, it is also a purgative and an ointment for nasal ulcers. Kernels of green and mature fruits are chewed as an astringent and stimulant, often with the leaves or fruit of betel pepper (Piper betle) and lime.

Other products: Arecanut husk can be a good source of furfural. Possibilities of producing activated carbon from the husks have been investigated, and yields of 25-28% have been recorded.congratulations是什么意思

SERVICES

Soil improver: The arecanut leaves are a good source of organic manure, containing nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.

formidableOrnamental: In Florida and Hawaii, arecanut is ud as an ornamental tree.

Intercropping: Experimental evidence indicates that intercropping with arecanut is not harmful to the main crop. When intercropped with black pepper, it acts as a live standard for training the pepper plants. Banana, cardamom, cowpea, paddy, pineapple, sorghum, vegetables and yams are also grown by farmers as intercrops with arecanut.

TREE MANAGEMENT

The spacing for arecanut, a function of soil depth and fertility, varies from 1.25 x 1.25 m to 3.6 x 3.6 m. During the hot weather, young edlings should be protected from direct sunlight. Artificial shade of arecanut leaves or coconut leaves are often ud. Raising a banana shade crop is even better as this supplements the farmer’s income. Arecanut is nsitive to drought, and therefore irrigation is esntial in areas with prolonged dry spells. Green manuring using leaves and cattle manure has been applied with success in areas with poor soils.

GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT

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Seed storage behaviour is uncertain. Despite reports of nsitivity to desiccation, predrying is widely practid in nurry cultivation to promote germination. For example, a report of 52% germination after 21 days drying suggests that A. catechu may not show recalcitrant ed storage behaviour. There are about 63 eds/kg.

PESTS AND DISEASES

Pests causing major crop loss include leaf-feeding mites such as cholam mite (Oligonynchus indicus) and palm mite (Raoiella indica). Others are spindle bug (Carvalhoia arecae), inflorescence caterpillar (Tirathaba mundella) and root grub (Leucophlis lepidophora). Dias resulting in heavy economic loss include anaberoga (foot rot), bacterial leaf stripe dia, bud rot, inflorescence die-back, koleroga (rotting dia), stem bleeding, sun scorch and yellow leaf dia.

Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Databa:a tree reference and lection guide version 4.0 (www.worldagroforestry/sites/treedbs/treedatabas.asp)