语法

更新时间:2023-03-05 01:44:05 阅读: 评论:0

最新企业精神标语-太空步后滑步技巧

语法
2023年3月5日发(作者:宝宝刷牙)

语法

1.5种类型的谓语

1326在一个完整的句子中,主语之外的部分称为谓语,共有5种类型的

谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词(Ⅳ):

Hecame.

Mywifecried.

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语(TV+O):

Johnlikesme.

Hisunclewroteletters.

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语(DV+IO+DO):

TheyteachmeEnglish.

IboughtMarysugar.

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语(LV+C):

Heisateacher.

Shelookssad.

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语(FV+O+C):

Wemadehimking.

Sheleftthehoudirty.

1.基本成分

1302根据其结构,句子可以分为5类:

a.主语+不及物动词

Johncame.

(S)(IV)

b.主语+及物动词+宾语

Johnlikes

oranges.

(S)(TV)(O)

c.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

Johngave

Marybooks.

(S)(DV)

(IO)(DO)

d.主语+系动词+主语补语

Johnis

happy.

(S)(LV)(SC)

e.主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语

Johnmakes

Maryangry.

(S)(FV)(

O)(OC)

主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语

可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中,如把任何一个成分删除,都会成为病

句。从上面例句也可看出,完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分,至多4个基

本成分。

2.附属成分

1303基本成分可以加修饰语:1)定语(即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或

从句)或2)状语(即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句)。下

面例句中,修饰语为斜体字,被修饰的词为黑体字:

1)PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby.

JohnlikesorangesimportedfromtheU.S..

JohngaveMarymanybooks,whicharefullofillustrations.

2)Johnoftencametochatwithme.

Johnlikesorangesverymuch.

Wheneverhegetsdrunk,JohnmakesMaryveryangry.

这类句子,即使把修饰语去掉,结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语,可能在意思

上很重要,但在结构上不影响句子的完整性,因此称作附属成分。

3.独立成分

1304句中还有一类成分,可以去掉,不影响句子的完整性,并和句子的

其他词没有语法的关系,可以称作独立成分。

Oh!Whatisthat!(惊叹词)

Hehas,alas,failedagain.

Comehere,John.(呼语)

Rollon,Ocean,rollon.

4.省略成分

1305此外还有一类被省略的成分,虽然未说出来,却在句中表示一定的

意思:

(You)Comehere.

(Iwishyou)Goodluck!

Somegavehimprais,butothers(gavehim)rotteneggs.

5.连接成分

1306最后还有连接成分,它实际上是一个并列连词,用来连接两个或几

个平行的词、短语和分句。

1307,一个完整的句子(从句或分句)必须包含2个到4个基本成分,

此外,如果意思上有需要,还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。

1.解析

That—指示形容词,修饰单数名词boy。

boy—普通名词,阳性,单数,主格,为动词shook的主语。

shook—及物动词,过去式。

his—物主代词,阳性,单数,第三人称,所有格,修饰名词head。

head—普通名词,中性,单数,宾格,shook的宾语。

2.分析

3.图解

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

解析对词的分类处理过多,不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系,但有

时显得很复杂。图解最有用,因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关

系,这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。

1.4个基本成分的图解办法

13095类基本句及4种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语S

(在左面)和动词V(在右面)分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。

另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语O。

2.附属成分的图解办法

1310主语、动词。宾语及补语这4种基本成分都放在横线的上方,附属

成分,如形容词、副词及起相同作用的其他词语,都放在横线的下方,紧挨在它

们所修饰词的下面:

Myfatherleftyesterday.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Somepeoplewritecommerciallettersskillfully.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Somenaughtylittlechildrenbrokehixpensivespectacles

purpoly.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Adownrightbadmanisveryoftenawonderfullysuccessfulman.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

TheoldmanoppositethestreetvisitedhischildreninFrancein1968.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

3.成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法

1311应当记住,一个空位通常只容一个词(类),但成语由几个词构成

却起一个词(类)的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中,因

为成语表示一个单一的意思,不宜分割成几个词(类):

TheMinisterofEconomicspaidattentiontotheinflation.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

助动词应和主要动词放在一起:

Shehasbeenraisingherchildrenforthelasttenyears.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句,在用作主语、宾语或补语

时,可用一个来进行图解,不仅表示其内在结构,还表示它作为一个词和其

他词的关系:

Heisinabadtemper.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意,这个句子有3个基本成分:主语+系动词+补语。第三部分inabad

temper的图解,不仅说明了这4个词之间的关系,还通过使用说明它作为一

个单一词类和其他词之间的关系,即起形容词的作用,作为系动词is的补语。

在下面图解中,这个短语占了2个空位,这样容易引起误会,因为人们会以为这

个句子包含4个基本成分:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Totellliesisnotalwayssuccessful·

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

上面图解中totelllies这个不定式短语,一方面表明了totell是一

个及物动词,lies是它的宾语,另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用,只占一个

空,作为句子的主语。如果用下面图解,就会引起误会:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Helikesplayingtennisinthemorning.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意上面动名词playingtennisinthemorning的图解,一方面说

明playing为及物动词,tennis为其宾语,而inthemorning为其修饰语,另

一方面说明这个短语起名词作用,用作及物动词(谓语动词)like的宾语。

Hewashesbeforetakingdinner.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意,talkingdinner这个动名词短语,通过使用,表明为一个单一词

类,起名词作用,用作介词before的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

knowthatyouspeakEnglishwell.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意that引起的从句的图解,一方面表明了这5个词之间的关系(that为

连词,主语为you,speak为及物动词,宾语为english,well为speak的修饰

语),另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用,用作及物动词,know

的宾语。that上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。

4.其他规则

1312在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出:

Hehaswalkedfiftymiles.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Comehere.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

What(=Thethingwhich)Iknowisunimportant.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾,在图解中大写字母保持不变:

Canhecome?

Whatatripwehavehad!

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

只要句子的意思保持不变,词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。

HeleftforFranceyesterday.和YesterdayheleftforFrance.图

解的方式一样:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

同样,Isingthissongspeciallyforyou.和SpeciallyforyouIsing

thissong.图解的方式一样:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Myhappydaysaregone!和Gonearemyhappydays!也如此:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

某个特殊的句子,根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在Heisout

oftemper.中,outoftemper可看作是成语,是一个整体,这时图解方式如

下:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

如果把它看作介词短语,包含2个成分,则可作如下图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

在Walkingalongthestreet,JohnmetMary.这个句子中,Walkingalong

thestreet可以看作定语,这时可以按下面方式图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

如果把它看作状语,图解会是下面这个方式:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

还有一些其他规则,说明如下:

在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关,可以是一

个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词:

Luckily,Ifoundthelostring.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Inatword,Icandonomore.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Istudymusicandmywifedoeshouwork.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Heisagreatpolitician;besides,heisanartist.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Heworkedveryhard;ontheotherhand,hischildrenplayedallday.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Indeedheknowshisfault,butherefustoownit.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

最后,注意以后各节中,凡有星号的例句,都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。

Ⅰ.名词(或代词)

1314Booksaregoodcompanions.

Londonispopulous.

如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语,它可以由一个代词代

替,本身则移到句子末尾:

Heisanicefellow,youruncle.

Itistrulylong,thatbridgeacrosstheYellowRiver.

Theyhavegoneaway,thorascals.

Thereitstoodamonumentofallages.

Itisfunnytheway(that)heteacheshischildren.

(主语可以跟一定语从句)

Itastonishesmethenumberofthewiveshehas.

Itisinscrutabletherumourthatisspreading.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

[=]表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。

Ⅱ.名词成语

1315“Crocodiletears”meanspretendedsorrow.Thedogstaristhe

largestfixedstar.A“fieldpiece”meansacannon.

Theriverbedismuddy.Iworeasunhat.Heisapapertigerandwho

isafraidofhim?(名词+名词)

Hismaidenspeechiswonderful.Aleapyearcomeveryfourthyear.His

untimelyendisbeyondbelief.Awetblanketandaqueerfisharecoming

towardus.Isaheavyhandenoughtosuppresstherevolt?(形容词+名

词)

TodayisAllFools'Day.Acat'spawmaybeascapegoat.Thisprinter's

inkispoor.“Man'state”meanstheageofmanhood.(名词所有格+

名词)

Anappleofdiscordwasthrownamongthem.AJackofalltradesmay

beagood-for-nothing.Afishoutofwaterwilldiesoon.Hereisaca

inpoint.Afriendatcourtwillhelpme.(名词+介词+名词)

Theinsandoutsofthisscandalinterestedus.Thelongandshort

ofthestoryisthis.Theupsanddownsoflifearefamiliartomyuncle.(名

词+and+名词)

GuangdongProvinceisinthesouthofChina.Stratford-on-Avonis

thebirth-placeofShakespeare.TheMinistryofEducationhasissuedan

importantordinance.(专有名词短语)

其他例子:

Acurtainlecture,elbowroom,aninctbite,fairytales

TheAlmightyDollar,theDarkContinent,theblackmarket,adarkroom,

agoldenwedding,anachingvoid,alowdiet

Thebull'ye,asheep'ye,afool'scap,asailorshome,Achilles'

heel,Adam'sapple,thelion'sshare,theking'vil

Theageofmachinery,theartofGod,themaninthestreet,abed

ofros,awomanoftheworld,amanoffamily,aletterofcredit,a

wordofhonour,castlesintheair,afriendinneed,amanabouttown

Allbeerandskittle,thealphaandbeta,thewhyandwhere-fore

thesumandsubstance,DarbyandJoan,DavidandJonathan

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Ⅲ.代词

1316Weshallstarttomorrow.Shelikesit.

Mine(=Myfamily)isanunhappyfamily.His(=Hisfate)hasbeen

thefateofanunusualartist.HersisacarmadeinGermany.(名词性

物主代词+系动词+名词)

We(=Ourclass)arefullup.We(=Ouroffice)cloon

Saturdayafternoon.He(=Hiswatch)istoofast.We(=Ourthings)

havebeenpacked.(人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西)

Myunclehe(名词+多余的代词)wantsitdone.Peopleintowntheyhave

neverencows.(文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法)

Sheisanicegirl,Mary.Theyareverylfish,thopeople.(代

词在前,指同一人或东西的名词在后,参阅1314节)

Itishot(orcloudy,snowing,raining.)(It指天气)

Itisspring(ormorning,Sunday,mybirthday);struckthree,

isgrowingtowardvening.(It指时间)

Itistenmiles(oralongway).(It指距离)

ItisI(orme).(It指一个身份尚不清楚的人)

Itisalloverwithhim.Howisitwithhim?Howgoesit?(It泛

指一般情况)

Itismysister(主语受到强调)that(orwho)studiedEnglishat

A.A.A.Schoolwhenshewasventeen.(用Itis…that…这种结构可以

对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。Mysisterstudiedat

A.A.A.Schoolwhenshewasventeen.是原来的句子,对主语加以强调时

可改为上面形式。)

ItisEnglish(宾语受到强调)that(orwhich)mysisterstudied,

etc.

ItisatA.A.A.School(状语短语受到强调)that(orwhere)mysister

studiedEnglish,etc.

Itiswhenshewasventeen(状语从句受到强调)thatmysisterstudied

EnglishatA.A.A.School.

ItisIthatsaidso.

Itiswaitingforachancethatwillnotdo.

Itishere(orthen,forthisreason,withalightningspeed)that

hemarriedher.

Itwasaftereingherthathebecamecrazy.

Whoisitthatyouwant?Whatisitthatheislookingfor?

Itisonlyarithmeticthatheisafraidof.Itisonlyheridolsthat

shepaysattentionto.Itisnothischildrenthathecaresabout,but

hisbusiness.

Itisagoodhorthatneverstumbles.(=Nohorissogoodas

toneverstumble.)(这类常在谚语中出现的句子,结构虽和上面句子相同,

意思却不一样。)

Itisasillyfishthatiscaughttwice.(=nofishissosillyas

tobecaughttwice.)

Itisanillbirdthatfoulshisownnest.(=Nobirdissoillas

tofoulhisownnest.)

注:It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅1318—1322。

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

It表示thething,that引起的从句可以看做定语,修饰主语It。that

起从属连词和代词的作用,图解记号异于并列连词。

Ⅳ.the+形容词(或分词)

1317Thebravedervethefair.Theyoungaretobeeducated.There

arethedyingandthedead,theslainandthevan-guished.(复数主

语)

Thebeautifulandthegoodisourideal.Themiddleorthethick

oftheforesthasmanyanimalsinit.Theaccud(orThedecead)is

arichman.TheFrenchisdifferentincharacterfromtheEnglish.(单

数主语)

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Ⅴ.不定式

1318作主语的不定式常常由it代替,本身放到句末作为it的同位语:

ToliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetooexpensive

toliveinTokyo.

Togooutoftowneveryweekendbecameourcustom.Itbecameourcustom

togooutoftowneveryweekend.

Tohavebrokenhislegishisbadluck.Itishisbadlucktohave

brokenhisleg.

Tobehappyrequires(orneeds,wants)nogreatfortune.

Itrequiresnogreatfortunetobehappy.

Toberichortobepoormakesalotofdifference.Itmakesalot

ofdifferencetoberichortobepoor.

Toraithefund,totupthebuilding,toemployworkers,allthe

taketime.

Thestorymakesmesicktorepeat.Torepeatthestorymakesmesick.It

makesmesicktorepeatthestory.(这三句意思相同,却有不同的主语。)

Thistheorytakesmuchtimetounderstand.Tounderstandthistheory

takesmuchtime.Ittakesmuchtimetounderstandthistheory.

Toanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletteriasy.

Itiasytoanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletter.

Thequestionyouaskedinyourletter,itiasytoanswer.

(这三句意思相同,可比较其主语。)

Tohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamilyemsdifficult.Items

difficulttohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamily.Awifewhocomes

ofarichfamily,itemsdifficulttohandle.

不定式可以有一个意义上的主语:

ForJohntoliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetoo

expensiveforJohntoliveinTokyo.

Foracommonertomarryanobleman'sdaughterdoesnotastonishme.It

doesnotastonishmeforacommonertomarryanobleman'sdaughter.

Forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeaceisasfunnyasfordrinkersto

talkabouttemperance.Itisasfunnyasfordrinkerstotalkabout

temperance,forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeace.

下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。foryou,ofyou等和itis有

关,起补语作用:

Itisfor(orupto)youtosayyesorno.(=

Tosayyesornoisfor[orupto]you.)

Itiasierforyoutospeaktothebossthanforme.(=Tospeak

tothebossiasierforyouthanforme.)

Itisverykindofyoutodoso.(=Todosoisverykindofyou.)

ItisnaturalinMarytoloveJohn.

Itisinconvenienttohertowaitsolong.

Itisuptoyoutoapologize.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意意义上的主语forJohn是如何图解的。

Ⅵ.动名词

1319和不定式一样,作主语的动名词也可以用it代替:

LivinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetooexpensive

livinginTokyo.

Cryingoverspiltmilkisnou.Itisnoucryingoverspiltmilk.

Thereisnoclimbingupthecliff.(=Climbingupthecliffis

impossible.)

Thereisnodenyingthefact.(=Denyingthefactisimpossible.)

John's(orHis)livinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive.

ItwouldbetooexpensiveJohn's(orhis)livinginTokyo.

(动名词这里有意义上的主语)

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

注意动名词意义上主语John's如何图解的。

Ⅶ.that引起的从句

1320由that引起的主语从句常可用it代替,而本身则移到句尾,作为

it的同位语:

Thathehadsucceededpleadmeverymuch.Itpleadmeverymuch

thathehadsucceeded.

Thathewaskilledisariousmatter.Itisariousmatterthat

hewaskilled.

Thathehasdonehisbestisclear.Itisclear(that)hehasdone

hisbest.(如果句子不长,that可以省略。)

Thefact(orThecircumstance)thathewaskilledwasarious

matter.(that引起的从句前面常可放thefact或thecircumstance)

Itisclear(orlikely,certain)thathelikeshisjob.

Itwouldbebetterthathegiveupsmoking(=Hehadbettergiveup

smoking).

Itisrumoured(orsaid,learned,denied)thatthepremierdecides

toresign.

Itisapitythatheshoulddiesoyoung.

Ithappened(orchanced,cameabout,developed,turnedout)thatthe

detectivehimlfwasthethief.

Itcameaboutthatwehadnotenoughmoneytopaythebill.

Items(orappears,occurs)tomethatsheisapoet.

ItstruckmethatIcouldbealawyer.

Heispoor,butitdoesnotfollowthathewillcheatanyone.

ItisnotthatAisanuprightman,butthathehasnochancetodo

evil.ItmaybethatBistoohungrytodoanygood,butitcannotbethat

heiswillingtodoanyevil.

Itis(high)timethatwestarted.

Howisitthatyouknowsomuch?Howcomesit(about)thatyouknow

somuch?Howcome(=why)youknowsomuch?

(Itis)Some(Little,No)wonder(that)hefailed.

(在用wonder作补语时,itis可以省略。)

(Itwas)Awonder(that)hedidnotfall.Whatwonder(wasit)

thathefalled?(=Itwasnaturalthathefailed.)

Itissaid(ordenied,rumoured)thattheMayorfellinlovewith

Mary.TheMayor,itissaid(ordenied,rumoured),fellinlovewithMary.(这

两句意思几乎相同,但在第二句中不能用that。)

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Ⅷ.疑问词引起的从句

1321由疑问词引起的从句,和that引起的从句一样,可以由it代替:

Howhecoulddoitemedamystery.Itemedamysteryhowhecould

doit.

Wherehehadescapedpuzzledme.Itpuzzledmewherehehadescaped.

Whatisittomewhoheis?

Itdoesnotmatterwhenyougetmarried,but…

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来,但一个需加括号。

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Ⅸ.疑问词+不定式

1322疑问词引起的不定式,和连接词引起的从句一样,也可以用it代替:

Howtoescapeemstobeaproblem.Itemstobeaproblem,how

toescape.

Whattosaypuzzlesme.Itpuzzlesmewhattosay.

Whetherornottofollowthepolicydependsuponcircumstances.It

dependsuponcircumstances.whetherornottofollowthepolicy.

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

Ⅹ.术语和引语

1323Onisapreposition.Buymeans“getbypayingaprice”.“Look

beforeyouleapisafamousproverb.“Honestyisthebestpolicy”isa

sayingoftenridiculedbypeople.

Ⅺ.介词短语

1324Fromventovenisourstorehours.Frominfancytomanhood

isanimportantperiod.Fromheretothereisashortdistance.Goodin

thesaddleisgoodforeverything.(这样的短语用作主语时很少)

Ⅻ.省略

1325(You)Sitdown,plea.(You)Waitaminute.(Doyou)Like

it?(Youhad)Bettersayno.(Areyou)Feelinganybetter?(It)Seems

tobeimpossible.(作主语时,有些代词有时省略。)

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

1.5种类型的谓语

1326在一个完整的句子中,主语之外的部分称为谓语,共有5种类型的

谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词(Ⅳ):

Hecame.

Mywifecried.

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语(TV+O):

Johnlikesme.

Hisunclewroteletters.

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语(DV+IO+DO):

TheyteachmeEnglish.

IboughtMarysugar.

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语(LV+C):

Heisateacher.

Shelookssad.

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语(FV+O+C):

Wemadehimking.

Sheleftthehoudirty.

2.动词的短语形式

1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些,上面例句中的及物动

词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词,但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语

或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词:

Helostheart.(他灰心了。)

Thishabithasstruckroot.(这种习惯已根深蒂固)

下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词:

Ilookedformylostdictionary.(我在找我弄失的字典。)

Hepaidattentiontohislesson.(他很注意他的功课。)

Hegaveupdrinking.(他戒酒了。)

Heisafraidofblood.(他怕血。)

Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.(他和谁都处不好。)

下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词:

Iwaitedforhimtocome.(我等他来。)

详见1182—1206节。

3.宾语的9种形式

1328此外,也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语,共有9种东西可用作及物

动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用,可以称作

名词等同体(Noun-Equivalent),名词等同体,可用作动词的宾语:

IknowJohn(名词).

Shekeptthefloordirty.

IwillteachJohnChine.

Iknowhim(代词).

Shekeptitclean.

Thatdependsuponthem.

Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord(名词短语).

IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.

Iamnotfondofwildgoocha.

Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor(the+形容词或分词).

Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand

(the)shortofthisca.

Hewantstogotocollege(不定式).

Sherefustomarryme.

Iaskedtoeafriendinprison.

Heisfondofswimminginthemorning(动名词).

Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.

Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.

Iknowthatshelovesme(that引起的从句).

Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.

Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?

Iwonderwhathewants(疑问词引起的从句).

Iaskedwherehehadbeen.

Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.

Idon'tknowwhattodo(疑问词引起的不定式).

Iamdoubtfulhowtottlethisproblem.

Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.

4.补语的15种形式

1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语,上面所提的9种名词等同体以及

下面例句中的6种形容词等同体(Adjective-Equiva-lent)都可用作系动词

或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语:

Heisaking(名词).

Wechohimchairman.

Itisme(代词).

Hebecameafishoutofwater(名词短语).

Ifinditamootpoint.

Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor(the+形容词).

Torespectothersistoberespected(不定式).

Seeingisbelieving(动名词).

Hispurpoisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated(that引起的从

句).

Theproblemiswhoistoblame(疑问词引起的从句).

Myproblemishowtolearn(疑问词引起的不定式).

形容词及形容词等同体作补语:

Heemshappy(形容词).

Youlookyoung.

Hemakesmeangry.

Heisout(地点副词).

Theshowisover.

Timeisup.

Heisathome(介词短语).

Weareongoodterms.

Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.

Itemsinteresting(现在分词).

Thesituationgrowncouraging.

IsawMarysmoking.

Iamastonished(过去分词).

Helookedfrightened.

Ihadmyclotheswashed.

Heistoblame(不定式).

Itistobethrownaway.

Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.

5.再复杂的句子也可简化

1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同形式看作同类东西,

从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotlike

toliveinthiscountry.中的10个斜体词和IknowJohn.中的一个斜体词

看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He

beggedtoeafriendinprison.中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon.中

的一个斜体词看作是作用相等,因为两者都是宾语。

同样,我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7个斜

体词和Heispunctual.中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西,因为两者都是补语。

另外下面4个句子中的斜体词,形式不一,我们却可看作一类东西,都是及物动

词或是起及物动词作用的词组:

Helikeschocolate.(他喜欢巧克力。)

Heisfondofteaching.(他爱教书。)

Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.(约翰关心他的买卖。)

Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.(我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。)

此外,在上面单元中,我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等,尽

管形式不同,字数不等,却都起同样作用,担任句子的主语。这样,不管多复杂

的句子都可简化,而简化是语法的目的。

2.一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中

1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型,先看看下面句子:

a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.

b.Wewanthimtocome.

c.Sheletustouhercar.

d.Theysuppoallofustoobey.

e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.

所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型,即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”,

但只有b.句的谓语是正确的,因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型,其他

动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子:

a.Itriedadvisingher.

b.Iaskedeingtheboss.

c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.

d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.

e.Theyrefudhelpingus.

上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型,即“及物动词+动名词”,但只有a.句

是正确的,因为动词tried可用于这种类型,而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出,一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中,

在一特定类型中,一个特定的动词能用还是不能用,完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中:

IknowJohn.(及物动词+名词)(正确)

IknowJohntocometomorrow.(宾补动词+名词+不定式)(错误)

IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.(及物动词+that引起的从句)(正

确)

Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+不定式)(错误)

Iknowtheworkeasy.(宾补动词+名词+形容词)(错误)

Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式)

(正确)

Iknowtheworktobeeasy.(宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词)(正确)

IknowJohncoming(宾补动词+名词+现在分词).(错误)

Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty(及物动词+动名词).(错误)

从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中,不能

在许多类型中使用。

3.一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词

1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词,另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系

动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介

词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词,在“及物动词+不定式或

动名词”这类类型中,约可用50个动词,而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”

这种类型中,约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词,在本单元中将几乎全

部列出并加上例句,以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些

谓语类型中可用的动词极多(可说是成百上千)。在这种情况下只能给出一小部

分动词。

C.谓语类型与句型

1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意:

1.动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致,因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。

而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂,这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。

如果对主语不加考虑,这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中,

谓语类型的公式都采用“S+TV+N”,“S+DV+N+N”,“S+FV+N+A”这类

形式,里面包含了主语(S),因此也就代表了句型。

2.一个句型可以包含一个简单句:

Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.

Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.

3.它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句:

Heknowswhatyouaredoing.

Iaskedwherehegotit.

4.但并列句中至少需有两个句型:

Ihavedecidedtogo(一个句型)andhewillgotoo(一个句型),but

shedecidestoremainathome(一个句型).(共包含三个句型)

D.修饰语与独立成分

1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架,它可包含任何数量的修饰语(即形容

词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语)。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要,但在语

法上却是可以删除的,在我们考虑句型,也就是句子的基本结构时,可以对它们

不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+及物动词+名词”,但却可

包含不同类型的修饰语(斜体部分)。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4

个词的句子同属一个句型:

Isawahou.

Isawabighou.

Isawabighouontheoppositeside.

Isawabighouontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehaunted

byaghost.

YesterdayIsawabighou….

YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighou….

修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分,但基本结构不

变。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+系动词+补语”:

Thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.

E.句型的用法

1337在下面讨论中,所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。

列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来,数目越小,越难

使用,因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词,则用错的机会更多。

1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果

把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语,则它们大部分仍可归入某

些句型:

Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可

能换为intend,则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。)

Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主语+及物动

词+that引起的从句)

“Whohastakenmypen?”“John(hastakenyourpen).”

(I)Beg(your)pardon.

(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.

(You)Liveandlet(others)live.

(Iwishyou)Goodluck!

1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的,因

为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个:

1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主语+不及物动词+介词+that

引起的从句)

2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词

引起的从句)

3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.(主语+系动词+形

容词+介词+that引起的从句)

4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.(主语+系动词+形容词+动名词)

5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.(主语+及物动词+that+疑

问词引起的从句)

6.Wewantpeaceful.(主语+及物动词+形容词)

这些句型应改正如下:

正确句

正确句子

1.主语+及物动词+that引I

hearthatJohnhasar-

起的从

rived.

2.主语+及物动词+名词+I

paidattentiontowhat

介词+疑问词引起的从句hewasdoing.

3.主语+系动词+形容词

+Heisafraidthathewill

that引起的从

句be

assassinated.

4.主语+系动词+形容词

+Heisafraidofbeingas-

介词+动名

sassinated.

5.主语+及物动词+疑问词I

knowwhohasbroken

引起的从

thewindow.

6.主语+及物动词+名

词Wewantpeace.

其次,应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。

F.47种句型的公式

1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表,例如:“S+IV”,“S+TV+N”,

“S+LV+AP”,“S+FV+N+PaP”,“S+DV+N+that-Cl”.下面列出了

代表某些词的缩写形式:

S=Subject(主

语)PaP=Past

Participle(过

O=Object(宾

语)去分词)

C=Complement(补语)N=Noun

orPronoun(名

IO=IndirectObject(间接词或

代词)

语)

R=ReflexivePronoun(反

DO=DirectObject(直接身代

词)

语)

A=Adjective(形容词)

IV=IntransitiveVerb

(不P=Preposition(介词)

及物动

词)

AP=AdverbofPlace,or

TV=TransitiveVerb

(及AdverbialParticle,as

物动

词)

in,out,up,away

DV=DativeVerb(双宾动(地点

副词或副词性小

词)

品词)

LV=LinkingVerb(系动

词)

W-Cl=Interrogative-

FV=FactitiveVerb(宾

补Clau,(疑问词引起的动词)

从句,由whether,

I=Infinitive(不定

式)what,which,who,

G=Gerund(动名

词)whom,who,where,

PrP=Prent

Participlewhen,why,how

(现在分

词)

起)

That-Cl=

Noun-Clauinn.=

innumreable=hun-

(that引起的名词

从dredsor

thousands(无

句)

数,成百上千)

“·”表示它前后的词构成成语,如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,

它们包含2个或3个词。

1341一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分,即主语及不及物动词,

如:

S+IV

S+IV.AP

2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分,即主语,及物动词及宾语,

如:

S+TV+N

S+IV.P+that-Cl

S+LV.A.P+G

或指另外3个成分,如主语、系动词及补语:

S+LV+A

S+LV+that-Cl

S+LV+P.N

3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分:主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直

接宾语,如:

S+DV+N+N

S+DV+N+W-Cl

S+DV+N+that-Cl

也可以是另外4个成分,如主语、宾补动词、宾语及(宾语)补语:

S+FV+N+A

S+FV+N+PaP

S+IV.P+N+I

这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实,即英语句子是很简单的,它少则包

含两个成分,多则包含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义,现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句

型。注意:句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。

1.S+IV(Johnlaughed.)

1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语,其数量不可胜数:

Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Fireburns.

Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.That

depends.Itdoesnotpay.

1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词,如果宾语可以猜出,着重点不是宾语,

而是动词(动作)时,可以把宾语省略,用作不及物动词:

Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.The

blinddonote.Wemusteat.Iwillchange(mydress).Theknifecuts

well.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don'ttrouble

(yourlf).Thestainshows(itlf).Theymarried(eachother).

1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前,看起来像及物动词,实际上却是

不及物动词:

Thethermometerro(orfell)twodegrees.

Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.

Iwalkedfivemiles.

1345图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

2.S+IV.AP(Johnmovedin.)

1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词,与之构成成语。但在

多数情况下,这些副词并不表示地点,而有其他意思,因此可以称作副词性小品

词(AdverbialParticle).

a.Don'tanswerback(=answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.He

backsaway(=drawsback)fromherbecauhehasmadeherangry.Don't

worry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfilapromi).Inorderto

survive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter-rupted

rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passaway

withoutinjuriouffect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblew

up(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loshistemper)ateverysmall

incident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofa

pan).Braceup(=takecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Many

prisonersbrokeaway(=suddenlyescaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown

(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout(=startedsuddenly

andviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).

b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlike

thiscomesabout(=happens)everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=

arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theedshavecomeup(=shot

upabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup

(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=became

calm).Shewasshockedatthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhaps

unwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearnedcomputersciencewhenhecracked

up(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=stealin

unnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)

becauofmisrule.Ishouldnottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown

(=lesn).

c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)every

Sunday.Theydrinkliquoreverydayandcan-notdowithout(=dispen

withit).Wedresdup(=putonformalclothes)forabanquet.Iwill

dropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedropped

off(=decread)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishing

hiscours)atfifteen.Thewellhasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroad

isrough,weshouldeadown(=lesnspeed).Letuadown(=work

less,makelesffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)

afterhisdeath.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauofcivil

war.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfalls

behind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto(=begin

toeatortowork.)

d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becautheroadwasblocked.She

gotdown(=dismounted)fromherhor.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=

startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetupatsixinthe

morning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becoming

cheaper).Arumourwentforth(=becamepublic).Thegunwentoff

(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton(=continued).Thecandlehasgone

out(=ceadtoburn).Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)ifeveryone

goesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(=stop).Lookin

(=Payashortvisit)asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don'tlookon

(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),herecomesatruck!

Imovedin(=movedintoahou)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpass

away(=ceatoexist).Shepasdaway(=died)amonthago.

e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becauthebatteryhad

exhausteditlf).Sheranon(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverun

out(=becomeexhausted).Badweathertin(=began).Wetout(=t

off)onFebruary16.Hettleddown(=establishedhimlf)atasmall

village.Idon'twanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside

(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Somestoodback(=

retreated),somestoodout(=refudtoyield).Theproposalwillstand

over(=bepostponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfrom

surpri.Thetyrantshouldstepdown(=re-sign).Manyvolunteersstepped

forward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfathernever

steppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetoget

afreeride).Thebandstruckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup

(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind(oralong)(=followed

cloly)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),I

thinkback(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingon

inaroutineway).Wetoucheddown(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Many

workerswalkedout(=re-fudtowork).

1347图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)

1348约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义,它们通常和表

示无生命东西的主语连用:

a.Thisplayactxcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebread

bakeswell.Thedoorblewopen.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnot

break.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggagecarrieasily.David's

raincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'temtocheck

withthefacts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthe

ntenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoeswillcookslowly.Everyminute

counts.Thepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescroppedwell

lastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcuts

likebutter.Thepineappledoesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwill

cutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milkdigests

easily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawasily.Thefrogeatslike

chicken.

b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.The

eggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon'tgrindfine.Waterheatsreadily.This

clothironasily.Thishouletswell.Thedoorwillnotlock.The

bookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thepotatoespeel

easily.Shephotographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilm

doesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill(orwell).Thephotoreproduces

well.

c.Hishourentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashame

does.notruboff.Thisplasticscratcheasily.Theplayscreenbadly

(=isunfitforfilming).Thebookllswell.Thisdoorwon'tshut.This

cigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.This

materialstainasily.Theshipsteerswithea.Thematchwillnot

strike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde-scenttracedbacktoaking.This

poemtranslateasily.TheTVtwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillnever

warp.Thismaterialwasheasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworked

outwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.

d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=is

beingbound).Sometroubleisbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimming

withnewideas.Thehouisbuilding.Thebridgeiscompletingnow.The

mealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Guns

arefiring.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwith

people.Thefishisfrying.Thehouisleasing.Thecowsaremilking.One

boyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Musicwas

playing.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblem

isttlingthisway.Anewfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.The

edsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoilingquickly.Measures

aretaking.

1349图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapane.)

1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语:

Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook

Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.

1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语,如果被化作

一个整体,可以看成是一个不及物动词:

Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccident

tookplace(=happened)thismorning.

Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothe

jungle.

在某些成语中,名词前没有冠词,也没有物主代词:

a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswords

poor).Don'tborrowtrouble(=worryabouttroublethatwon'tcome).We

brokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,begananundertaking).Ourboat

castanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Her

houcaughtfire.Hechangedcolour(=be-camepale).Hispersonality

commandsteem(orrespect).Heneverdidevil(orill,wrong).None

ofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.Wedid(=produced)

RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette

(orbreakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(=translated)

FrenchintoEnglish.Idid(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=give

afalwarning)justforarmsaid.

b.Onemustexercipatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisauthority

anddiscipline.Hefeltregret,butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(or

leisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthelead,

wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatch

gainedtime.Wehavegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongain

power,ifwearepatientenough.Hegaveevidenceinthelaw-court.He

gaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(oradvice,

notice,warning,trouble).I'vehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).You

hitit(=saidtherightthing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn't

valid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gaveupthebailmoney

andranawaytoavoidtrial).

c.Mymotherkepthouandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopen

hou(=providedhospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyand

soultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekeptbadcompany(=associatedwith

badpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.Hekilled

timebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.

d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylogroundbutwillneverlo

hope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)afterIfail.Bequick,don'tlo

time.Helostlf-contrcl(orhimlf)inmomentsofstress.

e.Mothermakesdinner.Itemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=

travelledfastandarrivedontime).Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakes

goodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney(orprofit),

butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea

(orhay).Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.We

madeway(orheadway)(=advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarked

time(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife.

f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemoved

heavenandearth(=dideverything)toattackhisopponent.Theyopened

fire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoftenplay

havoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaims

byhookorbycrook).Hehadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum

(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedcondfiddle(=helda

subordinateplace).Hefailedbe-cauhehadoftenplayedtruant.

g.Weraidmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfrom

handwriting.Hecanreadmusic.Imustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace

(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Wet(ormade,

struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefudtoyield,

heshowedfight.Heshowedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghis

enemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckinsomeenterpri).Hesuffered

(orsustained)defeat.

h.Don'ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreath

afterclimbingupstairs.Hetookcoldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrink

anddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontakeeffect

(=beeffective).Takeexercieverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetook

flightaftermurderingawoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttake

offence(=beoffended).Somethingstrangetookplace(=happened)inthis

oldhou.Let'stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken

root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)

nextyear.Hetooktroubletohelpme.

i.Don'ttemptprovidence(=takeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouched

bottom(=isbeginingtoprosperafterhisworstdays).Theboatturned

turtle(=turnedupsidedown).

在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词,或作复数:

j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticized

him,hehasborneagrudge(=nurdagrievance).Theenemybeataretreat

(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch(=startedsome

-thingnew)invariousfields.Don'tbreatheaword(=sayaword)about

thiscret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).I

wouldliketocrossswords(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedonea

goodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failedtogetany

information)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline

(=distinguish)betweenrightandwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)at

six.

k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiveningIhave

adate(oranengagement)(=haveasocialmeeting)withher.Ihavea

job(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但:

Ihavemylfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn't

liftafinger(orahand)(=didn'tgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand

(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.

1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for

3p.m.Hemadeaboast,butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthe

phone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface),andthenwewerenomore

angry.Don'tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle).Johnmadeahit

(=gaveagoodimpression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemake

amove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadeapublicappearanceafternineyears

inprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=earnsmoneyquickly).Wemake

arow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.As

soonaswearrivedwemaderervationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks

(=toff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves(=createdansation

toimpressothers)attheparty.

m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=cretlyexertsinfluence).Don't

runarisk(=putyourlfindanger).Thepatientranatemperature

(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasrvedantence(ortime)(=pasd

termofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruck

ahappymedium(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommitted

mistakesforthefirsttime,wemightstretch(orstrain)apoint(=allow

anexceptiontotherules).

n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackat(=occupyanunimportant

position).Wetakeacoffeebreak(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)

aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbeforehespoke.The

situationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonest

penny(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).

在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词:

o.Actyourage(=Don'tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair

(=madeulesfforts).Imustbidemytime(=waitforagood

chance).Someoneblackedhiye(=gavehimablow).Heblewhisown

trumpet(=praidhimlf).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildly

enthusiasticbecauofdrugs).Hebosdtheshow(=con-trolled

everything).Sheboxedhiar(=smackedhimontheear).Ihaveto

break(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour

ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomererve).Thenewsbrokeher

heart.Hebrokehisword(=failedtokeephispromi).Ibrokethenews

(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=quarrelled).He

burnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburied

thehatchet(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amnottobedeceived).

p.Hecallstheroll(=callsthenamestocheckwhoareabnt).Dick

carriedtheball(orthecan)(=didthehardestpartofthework).I

carried(orgained)mypoint(=succeeded).Wecarried(orgained)the

day(=won).Icaughtmybreath(=restafterhardbreathing)afterrunning.He

triedtocatchthetrainbutmisdit.Thisadvertimentcatchesmy

eye.Hechangedhiscoat(=becameaturncoat).Don'tchangeyourmind.He

changedhistune(=changedhispolicy).Heclearedhisreputation

(=freehisnamefromreproach).Hecrackedthewhip(=suddenlybecame

bossy)toimpressme.WecrosdtheRubicon(=tookadecisivestep

forward).Whennobodycouldttletheproblem,hecuttheGordianknot

(=ttleitinanunusualrapidway).

q.Ididthesights(orthetravel)(=wentsighteingortooka

trip).Thelittlegirlcando(=makecleanandtidy)herhair,herteeth,

hernails,eventhelaundry,thebed-room,thedishes.Shedoes(=learns)

herlessonswell,andcando(=solve)anysum(orproblem).Shedoesher

bit(=doeshershareofduty)splendidly.Hedoggedmyfootsteps

(=constantlyfollowedme)becauhesuspectedIwasaspyworkingfor

foreigners.Hedragshisfeet(orheels)(=hesitates)whenaskedtowork.We

drewtheswords(=werereadytofight).Hehastoeathiswords(=take

backhiswords).Althoughsmall,thistablefillsthebill(=isjust

right).Ihavetofacethemusic(=facetrouble).Heisfeelinghis

way(=proceedingcarefullybutslowly).Althoughtheywerecripples,

theyfoughtthewayupthehill.Weallfollowthecrowd.Don'tworry,

I'llfootthebill(=payalltheexpens).Thisnumberofpersonswill

notformthemajority.

r.Hegotthesack(=wasdismisd).Hegottheupperhand(=gained

control).Hehasthecourageofhisconvictions(=actsbravelyaccording

tohisbelief).Thiscarhashaditsday(=fallenintodisu).This

smallaffairhitstheheadlines(=becomesimportantnews)inthissmall

town.Themusichitsthepublictaste.Hehitshisstride(=exhibitshis

bestability)whenhetellsastory.Wewillholdthefort(=defendthe

position)tothelast.Holdyourtemper(=Don'tgetangry).Ihaveto

holdmytongue(ormypeace)(=keepsilent).Imustholdmyown(=keep

whatIhave).Wemusthold(orkeep,maintain)ourground(=keepwhat

wehave).Hehasalwayshusbandedhisresources(=beenfrugalagainst

anemergency).

s.Ijoggedhismemory(=remindedhim).Hejumpedthegun(=started

torunbeforethestarter'sgun),andjumpedthetraces(=didn'tobey

therules).Thetrainjumpedtherails(orthetrack)(=suddenly,left

therails)andmanywerekilled.Dickslippedbutkepthisfeet(=kept

standing).Heknowshiswayabout(oraround)(=understandstheways

oftheworld).Heknowstheropes(orthescore)(=knowsthespecial

rules)intheexportbusiness.Hewillleadtheway(=beaguide)tothe

oldcastle.Ileftthebeatentrack(=didnotfollowthecrowd).Helost

hisreason(=becamemad).

t.Hemadethegrade(=succeeded)inbusiness.Thedoctormakes

(orgoes)therounds(=goesfromplacetoplacetoinspect)every

morning.Wemadeourway(=advanced)throughtheforest.Hemendedhis

fences(=madepeacewithpeoplewhodislikehim).Youmisdtheboat

(=misdtheopportunity).Thecompanyopeneditsdoors(=started

doingbusiness)in1950andcloditsdoors(=stoppeddoingbusiness)

in1983.Thixhibitionopenedoureyes(=madeusethetruth).Ipicked

myway(=proceeded)upasteephill.Imustplaythegame(=dowhatis

right).Youplayedyourcardswell(=actedcleverly).Dickplayedthe

market(=boughtandsoldstocks)andlostlotsofmoney.Jimpocketed

hisdignity(=laida-sidehispride)andevenpocketedaninsult(=

acceptedit).Hehaspoisonedyourear(ormind)sothatyoucan'tbe

fair.

u.Everymembershouldpullhisweight(=doeshispart).Don'tpull

myleg(=foolme).Onceyousucceed,neverpushyourluck(=expectto

continuetobelucky).Hehastorunthegauntlet(=receiveariesof

illtreatment).Heruledtheroost(=lordeditover).Wemustsavethe

situation(=dosomethingtoimprovethesituation).Anewmethodwille

thelight(=bedisclod).Thisrvesmyturn(orpurpo).Ihaverved

myapprenticeshipforvenyears.Shetthetablefortenpersons.He

showshisfaceaftertenyearsofabnce.Iwillshowtheway.Everyone

singshisprais(=praishimstrongly).Hesowedhiswildoats(=led

adissipatedlifewhenyoung).Iwillspeakmymind(=speakcandidly).He

stoletheshow(=actedsowellthattheaudienceignoredtheother

performers).Hestolethespotlight(=madepeoplewatchhiminsteadof

whattheyshouldwatch).Youstolemythunder(=saidbeforemewhatI

intendedtosay).Jimhasstrainedeverynerve(=udeveryeffort).He

swallowedthebait(=wasofferedabigpromiandwascaught).

v.Marytookit(=endureditwithoutcomplaints)thoughshewasill

-treated.Youcantakeyourea(oryourowncour)(=actyour

pleasure).Thedoctortookmypulandtemperature(=ascertain

them).Wheredoesthiscustomtakeitsri(=originate)?Takeyourtime

(=Don'trush).Wemustnottieourownhands(=restrainour-lves

fromaction).Wehavetotightenourbelts(=eatlessandspendlessthan

usual).Justonevotetippedthebalance(orthescale)(=turnedthe

scale,decidedsome-thingdoubtful).Iwouldtrymyhand(=try).Should

Iturntheothercheek(=bepatientandnothitback)whenIaminjured

orinsulted?Hissuccesshasturnedhishead(=madehimact

foolishly).Thedeadbodyturnedherstomach(=madehersick).The

reinforcementsturnedthetide(=changethesituationfavourably).He

turnedhisthoughttosomethingmuchmoreimportant.Hejusttwiddledhis

thumbs(=didn'tdoanything).

w.Shewalkedthefloor(=walkedbackandforth)allnight,shewas

soworried.Hewalkedtheplank(=wasforcedtoresign).Watchit(=Be

careful).

人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语,特别是在简单句中。往往

不说“Icook.”“Helaughed.”“Wechatted.”“Tomrepairs.”“we

acted.”而说“Idothecooking.”“Hegavealaugh.”“Wehadachat.”

“Tommakesrepairs.”“Wetakeaction.”也就是把一个词换成了两个词,

用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。

下面是一些这类短语的例子:

x.IDOthecleaning,thereading,theshopping,thetranslating,

alittlewing;anap,atry,abriskwalk.

HeGAVEacry,agroan,ajump,ashout,ashrug,alongsigh,asatisfied

smile.

WeHADabath,adream,afight,aninterview,aquar-rel,ashave,

ashower,asmoke,aswim,atalk,ataste,atry,awalk,awash,achat,

ago,arest,asleep.

SheTOOKabath,breath,anap,alook,notice,objection,recreation,

arest,asolitarystroll,alongwalk.

PaulMADEanannouncement,ananswer,anapplication,anappointment,

anattack,anattempt,abeginning,abid,acall,acheck-up,acomment,

acomparison,acopy,criticism,adecision,adeclaration,ademand,

experiments,anexplanation,aguess,inquiries,investigations,notes,

payment,preparations,progress,aproposal,arecovery,aremark,arequest,

repairs.re-arches,asacrifice,alection,aslip,aformalstatement,

anotherstart,alongstay,adeepstudy,ahelpfulsuggestion,ageneral

survey,veralvisits.

1352图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

5.S+TV+R或S+TV.R或S+TV+(R)(Johnhidhim-lfbehindit.)

1353无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语(S+TV+R):Shereproached

herlf.Hekilledhimlf.Hepraidhimlf.Don'tdeceiveyourlf.He

cuthimlf.Thedogchokeditlf.

1354有些动词和反身代词构成成语,相当于一个不及物动词(S+TV.R):

Heavowed(ordeclared)himlf(=showedhischaracteropenly);

collectedhimlf(=regainedlf-control);concealhimlf(=hid);

enjoyedhimlf(=hadagoodtime);exertedhimlf(=endeavoured);

can'tfindhimlf(=providehisownliving,orfindouthisabilities

anduthem).Ilostmylf(=demeanedmylf,lostmyway,orbecame

absorbedinsomething);pulledmylftogether(=becamecompod);

ated(orttled)mylf(=satdown);washedmylf(=bathed).

1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词:

Ioverworkedmylf,oversleptmylf,overatemylf.

Hedisported(=amud)himlf.Heperjuredhimlf.

Hebusiedhimlf.Heabntedhimlffromschool.

Bestiryourlf.Ibethoughtmylfofit.Youmustdemean(orbear,

comport,deport,conduct,acquit,quit)yourlfproperly.Helpyourlf

(=Serveyourlfwithfood).Herelievedhimlf(=wenttothebathroom).

1356约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词,也可以不跟(S+TV+(R)):

a.就某些动词来说,使用反身代词时语气更强一些:

Thebubblebursts(itlf).Thecloudsdisperd(themlves).He

dresd(himlf)foraparty;engaged(himlf)inacontest(ora

quarrel).Thehorfed(itlf)ongrass.Heguarded(himlf)against

vice;hid(himlf)behind;neverintruded(himlf)onanybody's

company.CanIqualify(mylf)forthepost?Ireformed(my-lf).I

rested(mylf)onthecouch.Het(himlf)upasascholar.Heshaved

(himlf)foradinner;stripped(himlf)forashower-bath.Icould

notsubmit(orsurrender)(mylf)totheenemy(orinsult).Itrained

(mylf)fortherace.Inevertroubled(mylf)tohelpanyone.Heturned

(himlf)tomeforadvice.Hewashed(himlf).Heworried(himlf)

aboutnothing.Hewrapped(himlf)beforegoingout.

b.在下面例句中,动词之后的反身代词常常省略:

NosuspicionattachestoJohn.Achickendevelopsintheegg.Theroad

extendsformiles.Hisheartfillswithsorrow.Don'thurry.Keepquiet.Make

surethatthejourneyissafe.Wemademerry.Don'tmisbehave.Icannot

refrainfromlaughing.Weremovedfromplacetoplace.Johnparatedfrom

Mary.Iwithdrawfromsociety.

c.在下面例句中,动词之后的反身代词可以保留,也可以省略,根据特定

的上下文决定:

Thechilddoesnotbehave(himlf)(=showgoodmanners).

Hebehavedwell(orgallantly,properly).

Hedrewhimlfup(=assumedanerectattitude).

Hedrewup(=camenear).

Hegorgedhimlfwithmeat.

Hegorgedonmeat.

Heindulgedhimlfwithwine.

Heindulged(himlf)inwine.

Wehavetoprepareourlves.

Wehavetoprepare(ourlves)fortheworst(ortheexam).

d.Heisrecoveringhimlf(=becomingcalm).

Heisrecoveringfromillness(ormadness,fatigue,shock,fright).

Hethimlftowriteletters(ortowritingletters)(=beganto

writeletters).

Hettowork(=begantowork).

Hetouttodoit,taboutdoingit(=begantodoit).

Hettledhimslef(=becamecalm).Hettledhimlf(=satdown)

inachair.

Hettled(himlf)down(=becameestablishedinanewwayoflife)

inLondon.

It(Thing)willttle.

1357图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

6.S+TV+N(Johnlivesahappylife.)

1358约有60个动词,通常用作不及物动词,却可以有同源宾语(Cognate

Object),这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同,通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语

修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形:

Sheblushedaninnocentblush;bowedalittlebow;coughedaterrible

cough;dancedasillydance.Hediedanaturaldeath(orathousanddeaths,

thedeathofamartyr,thedeathhederved);dreamedasweetdream;

laughedaheartylaugh;livedahappylife;lookalookofweariness;

couldnotsayhissay.Hesighedadeepsigh(orasighofsatisfaction);

sleptasoundsleep(orthesleepofthejust).Itsmelledastrangesmell.He

smiledasadsmile;talkedfoot-balltalk;thoughtallgoodthought.

1359有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形:

Itblewabriskgale.Hedancedaphantomballet;didagreatdeed;

foughtabravewar(orfight,battle,action);wentalongway(oradangerous

journey);harvestedagoodcrop;livedahand-to-mouthexistence;

playedasillygame;played(oracted)agreatpart;plodawearyway;

prayedanearnestprayer;sawastrangesight;ranalongrace.Thebell

rangamerrypeal.Hesangabeautifulsong;struckadeadlyblow.

1360有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略,代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的

名词:

Hebeamedsatisfaction(=beamedabeamofsatisfaction,showed

satisfactionbybeaming);bowedhisobedience(orhisthanks)(=showed

hisobedienceorthanksbybowing);dancedhisjoy(=dancedhisdance

ofjoy,showedhisjoybydancing);gesticulatedhislove;giggled

agreement;laugheddisnt;lookinquiry(orhisthanks);noddedhisasnt

(orwelcome);roaredapproval;shoutedapplau;sigheddisappointment;

smiledhiswelcome(orhisrelief,hisapproval,histhanks);whistled

hiscontempt,wepttearsofjoy.

1361有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略:

Thefireblazeditsbrightest(blaze).Hebreathedhislast(breath);

didhisbest(deed);foughthisbravest(war);laughedhisloudest;

lookedhisbest;ranhisfastest;shoutedhisloudest;sanghissweetest;

triedhishardest.

1362在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语,表现

一定的情绪:

Hebraved(orbrazened)itout(=facedtroublebravely[or

shamelessly]).We'llfaceitoutandfightitout.Asitwasgetting

dark,Ihadtohotel(orinn)it.Shequeenedit(=domineer)overthem.He

udtoroughit(=liveanuncomfortablelife).I'llgoitalone(=act

independently).He'sstarringitinafilm.Asthere'snocab,I'veto

trudge(orwalk,foot)it.

1363图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

7.S+TV.AP+NorG(Johngaveuphisplan.)

1364无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语,整个成语相当于一

个及物动词。但这些地点副词(AdvorbofPloce)多不表示地点,而表示其他

东西,因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词(AdverbialParticle),可以用

AP来代表:

Hegaveuphisplan.Ihavetothinkoutnewmethods.

Shefoldeduphiscoat.Wemaypassoverthedetails.

Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople.Hehastakenoverabusiness.He

gaveinthepaper.Hecloddownthestore.

Thebellbellowed(orpealed)forththeanniversary(orthevictory

ofourarmy).

有些“动词+地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词,如1340节中句

子表示的那样,有些则用作及物动词:

Anammunitiondumpblewup(=exploded).(作不及物动词)

Theenemyblewup(=destroyedbyexplosion)thebridge.(作及物动

词)

ThenoisychildrenclearedoffwhenIcame.(作不及物动词)

Ihavetoclearoffthonoisychildren.(作及物动词)

Ourconversationbrokeoffasaladycamein.(作不及物动词)

Thatfellowbrokeoffourconversation.(作及物动词)

Heshowedoffbeforegirls.(作不及物动词)

Heshowedoffhisnewcar.(作及物动词)

如果宾语较短,特别是由人称代词表示时,地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语

后面,在对副词加以强调时尤其如此(可参阅1497节):

Putthemoneyby.Shecalledhimback.Don'tbreakitoff.Hedreamed

hishoursaway;slepttheclockaround;criedhisheartout;laughed

(ortalked)themdown.Heateitup;cloditup;packeditup;tied

itup.Hentmeaway,sawheroff,calledmeout,drewusaside.

1365其它例子:

a.Theybackedup(=supported)Johnsonandhispolicy.Theybailed

outtheirfriend.Theybeatbackourattack.Imustbeatup(=beatverely)

thomischievouschildren.Iblewout(=extinguished)thecandles.We

bolsteredup(=supported)thisoldsystem.Ibookeddown(=wrotedown)

thesum.Webookedup(=fixedanengagementwith)veralsingers.They

bossusabout(=orderusabout).Thenewsbowledover(=overwhelmed)

myfamily.Webrokeup(=disperd)themeetingat11∶00p.m..Themistake

broughtabout(=caud)alotoftrouble.Canyoubringdowntheprice?

Thetaxbroughtintenmilliondollarsayear.Theexamplesbringout

(=explainclearly)themeaningofthisword.Shebrushedoff(=jilted)

herlover.Wemustbuildupourownarmedforces.Hewillbuyoff(=pay

moneytogetridof)myinterest.

b.Thisstrongmeasurecalledforth(=provoked)arevolt.Wecalled

inadoctor.Wehavetocalloff(=cancel)thepicnic,whichwehaveprepared

forsomanydays.Call(=Wake)meupat6a.m..I'llcallyouup

(=telephonetoyou).Themusiccarriedoff(=moved)everyone.Hecarried

off(=won)alltheprizes.Let'scarryon(=continue)thework,Wecarried

out(=performed)theplan.

c.Hecandigup(=discover)someimportantinformation.Hedrewon

(=pulledon)hissocksaftergettingup.Idrewup(=prepared)abill

(oralist).Thetaxidroppedmeoff(=letmegetoff)atmyhotel.The

noidrownedout(=madeinaudible)ourconversation.

d.Themotherfedup(=gaveextrafoodto)hersicklyson.Wefilled

in(orout,up)theform.Hefencedoff(=builtbymeansofafence)a

garden.Figureout(=count)thesum.Hefiredoffmanyquestions,which

nobodycouldanswer.Theyfittedouttheirsonwitheverything

necessary.Wefittedup(=installed)themachine.Wefixedup(=arranged)

atrip.Heflaggeddown(=stoppedbywavingtoit)apassingcar.Follow

up(=Continue)yoursuccesswithsomethingmoreambitious.

e.Hegambledawayhislastcent,evenallhehadwonbe-fore.Hewill

getover(=finish)hisjob.Hegaveaway(=gavefreeofcharge)his

property.Hegaveaway(=betrayed)hisfriends.Wegavein(=handedin)

theexercibooks.Thefoodgaveoff(=emitted)abadsmell.Hegulped

downhiscoffee.Heatup(=re-heat)theleftovers.Hehelpedmeout

(=helpmegetoveradifficulty).Sheheldback(=keptback)hertears.Can

weholddown(=keepdown)costs?Wecouldnotholdoff(=keepatadistance)

theattackers.

f.Theenemykeptup(=maintained)theattackforthreemonths.I

knockedoff(=ateupquickly)fivebowlsofrice.Ilaidaside(orby)

(=savedforfutureneeds)somedollars.Ilaiddown(=stateclearly)

somerulesfortheoffice.Ourcompanylaidoff(=dismisd)five

workers.Leaveoff(=stop)fighting.Heleftout(=didn'tinclude)Mary

intheinvitation.Don'tletdown(=disappoint)yourparents.Thedriver

letoff(=dropped)aladyatthehotel.Thejudgelethimoff(=didnot

punishhim).Iwilllookyouup(=visityou)tomorrow.Themanagerlooked

theapplicantupanddown(=examinehimcarefully).Agirlwillliven

up(=makelively)ourparty.Helivedouthisyears(ordays,life)

(=livedallhislife)inthissmallvillage.Hewillmakeout(=write

out)acheque.Myfathercan'tmakeout(=e)thesmallletters,

forheisfarsighted.

Hemakesup(=invents)allkindsoflies.Thebossmarkeddown(=reduced

thepriceof)allarticles.Hemesdup(=putindisorder)mydesk.I

nailedup(=clodupwithnails)thewindow.

g.Hepackedoff(=ntawayhurriedly)allhischildrentothe

country.Partitionoff(=Dividewithpartition)yourlivingroom.Pass

on(=Hand)thisnoticetootherpeople.Wepasdover(orup)(=overlooked)

thechance.I'vepaidoff(=paidthewagesof)theworkers.Ihaveto

payoff(=payforsafety)theblackmailers.Iwillpickout(=lect)

thebestnecktieforyou.Hepickedup(=found)acabatthecross-roads.He

pickedhimlfup(=gotupafterafall).Hepickedup(=learnedwithout

teachers)Englishsoquickly.Ipinnedhimdown(=gothimtocommithimlf)

astothequestionofsocialism.

h.Iplayedbacktherecording,sothatwhathasbeenrecordedabout

herspeechcouldbeheard.Heplayeddown(=madelesmphatic)thedefects

ofhisfactoryproducts.Plugin(=Makeconnection,bymeansofaplug,

with)theradio.Hecanpolishoff(=finishoff)allthegrapes.He

pulledon(=puton)hispantsandthenwentout.Ipulledup(=stopped)

mycaratthepostoffice.Hisbrotherpusheshimabout(oraround)(=orders

himabout).Iputaside(orby)(=saved)afewthousandpounds.After

fivehoursofwork,Iputaway(=re-placed)thetools.Putforwardyour

viewpoint.Iputin(=spent)fivehoursrepairingthisradio-t.He

putin(=submitted)anapplicationmonthsago.Wehavetoputoff

(=postpone)thetripuntilnextmonth.InsteadoflosingweightIput

onsomeweightlately.Weputon(=prented)ashow.

i.I'llringyouup(=telephonetoyou).Theyroaredouta21-gun

salute.Rollupthesleepingbagbeforeweleave.Weropedoff(=enclod

witharope)aspacefordancing.Roundup(ordown)theprice(=Bring

ittoawholenumberbyraising[orlowering]it).

j.Wesaveupsomemoneyforfutureneeds.Iwille(=ac-company)

youback(orhome).Shentaway(=dismisd)allhersuitors.Sendin

(=Submit)yourphotosforthecontest.Hentoutinvitationstohis

wedding.Hisdeparturewastbacktwoweeks.Thisdiscontenttoff

(=caud)arevolt.Wetout(=arranged)thegoodsforsale.Wet

up(=establish)asmallstoreonthethirdfloor.Canheshakeoff(=get

ridof)hisbadhabit?Sheshowedoff(=displayedtoimpresspeople)

herhands.Heshuthimlfaway(=confinedhimlf)inhisattic.

k.Hesignedaway(=soldbysigninglegalpapers)allhishous.He

signedhishouovertome.Let'ssizeup(=makeajudgementof)the

situation.Thissmallaccidentsparkedoff(=touchedoff)histemper.He

sortedout(=arrangedinclass)allthebookshehadcollected.Switch

off(=Turnoff)thetaperecorder.Sumup(=Statebriefly)youropinion.

l.Takedown(=Writedown)myspeech,plea.Iwilltakeoverthe

businesshedecidestogiveup.Itookup(=gotinterestedin)painting

lastyear.Thisbedtakesup(=occupy)toomuchspace.Youcantakeup

(=mentionanddiscuss)thematterwiththeboss.Icantalkround

(=persuade)anybodywhorefustocooperate.Ihavetoteardown(=take

topieces)thebrokenmachine.Hewilltearup(=teartopieces)thecontract

whenitisnomoreufultohim.Hetoldoff(=reproached)himployees.He

canthinkup(=devi)allkindsoflies.Hethrewon(=puton)hisgown.

1366在上面所有例句中,及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语,但有

些也可用动名词作宾语:

Hekeptonaskingme.Heputoffgoingtothedoctor.

HeleftoffstudyingFrench.Hegaveover(orgaveup)smoking.

1367注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词,把及物动词看作不及物动

词,换言之,不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。

1368图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

这个符号表示,上方所有的词(动名词短语)应看作是一个词类(名词),

尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词,以me作宾语,而me和kept

on没有直接关系。

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

8.S+IV.P+NorG或S+IV.P.N(Johnlaughedatme.)

1369无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语,整个成语起及物动词

的作用,可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语:

a.Youmustabideby(=keep)yourpromis.Theriveraboundswith

(=hasmany)fish.Iagreedtohisview.Weaimatsuccessinthe

examination.Thisansweramountstorefusal.Imustapologizeformy

fault.Iaskfor(=demand)nothingluxurious.Hedependeduponmefor

advice.Hedreamedofhisgrandfather.Hegotintopolitics.Don'tgamble

onit.Heimpodon(=deceived)her.Helaughedat(=derided)me.She

looksafterherchild.Helookedinto(=examined)thematter.Hentfor

(=summoned)them.Ithoughtof(=considered)thismatter.Don'ttrifle

with(=mock)her.

b.Heabstainedfromdrinking.Hisreplyamountstorefusingher

demand.WebeganwithlearningABC.Happinessconsistsinbeingeasily

plead.Mysuccessdependsonmyfriendhelpingme.Hediedfromdrinking

toomuch.Ifeltlikebeatinghim.Hegottodrinking.Hegoesabout

(=isbusy)repairingacar.Heheardofhisbrotherhavingsucceeded.We

looktomovingtoamorepeacefulcountry.Heobjectedtobeingtreated

likeadog,aslave.Hetooktoreadingnovels.Thepapertellsofthe

enemyhavingcapturedthcity(=Thepapersaysthattheenemyhascaptured

thecity).Hethoughtofgoingabroad.Hewonderedatbeingpraidfor

doingnothing.

1370无数不及物动词不仅和介词,还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以

看作是不及物动词,因为它们后面既不跟宾语,也不跟补语。

a.这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词:

Theyburstintolaughter(=suddenlylaughed).Asteamercameinto

sight(=appeared).Whendidthisworldcomeintoexistence(=comeout)?

Thenewlawcomesintoforce(=functions)nextSeptember.Mysoncame

ofagelastyear.Hecametogrief(=sufferedmisfortune).Yourletter

hascometohand(=arrived).Hecriedoverspiltmilk.Everythingended

insmoke.Hefellintopoverty.Thelawhasfallenintoabeyance(=been

nolongerobrved).Manyslangwordshavefallenoutofu(=been

nolongerud).Theygotintotrouble.Wegotintohotwater(=became

involvedindifficulty)becauofjealousy.Iwentonsickleave.Hehas

gonethroughfireandwater(=undergonethegreatestperils)Theygoto

law(=appealtocourt).Theschoolwenttogreatexpen(=spentvery

much).Iwillgotoa(=beasailor).Hewillgotorackandruin

(=perish).Robberslayinwaitforus.Welivefromhandtomouth(=can

savenothing).Theshipputtoa(=beganavoyage)thismorning.Don't

standonceremony(=beformal).

b.有些名词为复数形式:

Sheburstintotears(=suddenlycried).Thebuildingburstintoflames

(=suddenlyburned).Hefishedintroubledwaters(=lookedforpersonal

advantageintimesofnationalcalamity).Thefencefellintopieces.They

foughtagainstodds(=foughtwithmenmuchmorethanthey).Weshould

keepwithinbounds(=actwithpropriety).Theyplayedatcrosspurpos

(=oppodeachother).Theyplayedintothehandsofanother(=acted

soastogivesomeadvantagetoanother).Don'tplaywithedgedtools

(=playwiththingsdangerous).Wetooktotheboats(=udthelifeboats

toescape).

c.有些名词前加“a”:

Wecametoaconclusion.Hisplancametoabadend(ornogood)

(=failed).Businesshascometoastandstill(=stopped).Thetwocame

toanunderstanding(=begantounderstandeachother).Wewillgofor

adrive(=goinacarforrelaxation).Yourargumentgoes(orflies)

offatatangent(=changedsuddenlyinitsdirection).Hislifehungby

athread(=dependeddangerouslyonsomethingsmall).Provideagainsta

rainyday(=Prepareforanyemergencythatmayari).

d.有些名词加“the”:

Thetwoplanscometothesamething(givethesameresult).He

erredonthesafeside(=choacourerroneousbutsafe).Hisworks

havefallenintotheshade(=ceadtoattractattention).Theyfought

tothebitterend(ortothedeath).HegoesbythenameofJoo(=is

familiarlycalledJoo).Hewillgotothebad(=sinkintopovertyand

disgrace).Thesituationisgoingtothebad(=isbecomingwor).The

weakwillgotothewall(=bepushedasideashelpless).Heneednotgo

tothetroubleofemployingatutor(=troublehimlftoemployone).Don't

harponthesamestring(=keepsayingthesamething).Keepintheshade.He

rototheoccasion(=showedthathewaqualtoit).

e.有些名词前需加物主代词:

Cometoyourns(=Stopbehavinglikeamadman).Hefellonhis

knees(=kneltdown).Povertyfelltohislot(=becamehisdestiny).He

isgoingabouthiswork(=doingit).Sheliesatyourmercy(=issubject

toyourcontrol).Theoldwidowlivesonherown(=liveswithouthelp

fromothers).Donotquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter(=doanything

harmfultoyourlivelihood).Itrisfromitsasheslikeaphoenix

(=liveagain).Herotohisfeet(=stoodup).Thechanceslippedthrough

myfingers(=escaped).Myworkwillspeakforitlf(=bevisibleto

all).Hestoodonhisdignity(=insistedonbeingtreat-edwithproper

respect).Hestoodtohisguns(=defendedhisrights).Youtreadonhis

toes(=offendhim).Heworkedonmyfears(=caudmetodosomething

forhim,bytakingadvantageofmyfears).

1371不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型:

HecameonSunday.(S+IV)

Thechildrenareplayingbythetree.

1372图解:

{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}

9.S+IV.AP.P+NorG(Johnlookeddownonme.)

1373无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作

一个及物动词,因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语:

a.Thelossaddedupto(=amountedto)amilliondollars.Hebows

downto(=flatters)nobody.Hebrokeawayfrom(=cuthistieswith)all

hisfriends.Carryonwith(=continue)yourwork.Leecashedinon

(=madeaprofitfrom)tea.Wedon'treallycatchonto(=under-stand)

thiscustom.Ican'tcatchupwith(=overtake)theclassthisyear.Ichecked

outofthehoteltwodaysafterIcheckedin(=signedtheregisteron

arriving).Thepolicecheckedupon(=investigated)thesuspect.Hecame

aroundto(=agreed,afterdisagreeing,to)myviews.Theteachercame

downon(=reprimand)him.Icamedownwith(=caught)aflu.Icamenear

todeath(=almostdied).Noresultcameoutofthetest.Hecameoutwith

aquestion.Lastyearnoplayscameupto(=equalled)thestandard.My

friendcameupwithagoodidea.Weallcriedoutagainst(=oppod)

favoritism.Mostimportant,youmustcutdownon(=reduceconsumptionof)

sugar.Hecutinwith(=inrt)aterriblysaucyremarkwhilewewere

discussing.

b.Thiscustomdates(=orgoes)backtotheearlyeighteenthcentury.We

shoulddoawaywith(=getridof)allsocialevils.Everyonedoeswell

withhim(=treatshimwell).Hedroppedinon(=madeanunplannedvisit

to)myfamily.Hedroppedofftosleep(=fellasleep).Hedroppedout

of(=quit)highschool.Heendedupas(=finallybe-came)amanager.He

endedupwithnotacentinhispocket.Ihavetofaceupto(=bravely

accept)thesituation.Wehavetofallbackupon(=dependupon)hissup

-port.Hefelloutwith(=quarrelledwith)allhisfriends.Ifeelup

to(=feelcapableofundertaking)thisjob.Hewillfindoutabout(=get

factsabout)thismatter.Hedidn'tfitinwith(=liveinharmonywith)

thoforeigners.HowcanIgetawayfrom(=avoid)hernagging?Howare

yougettingon(oralong)with(=livingtogetherwith)yourbride?Icannot

getoutof(=avoid)thistrouble.Haveyougotthroughwith(=finish)

thatjob?Don'tgiveinto(=yieldto)yourimpul.Hegoesalongwith

(=agreeswith)ourparty.Hegoes(orplays)aroundwith(=foolsaround

with)allkindsofgirls.Hewentinfor(=gotinterestedin)stamp

collecting.Hewillgoontocollege.Thisstorewillsoongooutofbusiness

(=endabusiness).Thissweaterhasgoneoutoffashion(=isnomore

fashionable).HeoftengoesoutwiththatprettyJapanegirl.Sheheld

onto(=keptgrasping)hisarm.

c.Shekeepsawayfrom(=avoids)him.Weshouldkeepinwith(=keep

friendlywith)ourneighbors.Icannotkeepupwith(=overtake)my

classmates.Thissmalleventledupto(=preparedthewayfor)his

death.Liveupto(=Actaccordingto)yourpromi.Ioftenlookbackon

(=recollect)theolddays.Helookedbackover(=reviewed)hisrecord.Don't

lookdownon(=despi)smallpeople.Wearelookingforwardto

(=anticipatingwithpleasure)yourvisit.Lookoutfor(=Watchoutfor)

thecar.Hecannotmakeupfor(=compensate)thelossIhavesuffered.He

madeoffwith(=stoleandhurriedawaywith)allmymoney.Doeshisschool

workmeasureupto(=comeupto)hishopes?LastyearImetupwith

(=metbychance)Jane,whoIhadn'tenfortenyears.Thechildmesd

aboutwith(=madeamessof)mydesk.

d.Heplayedupto(=triedtoplea)her.Ihadtoputupwith(=bear)

theterriblenoiveryday.Imustttleupwith(=getevenwith)

themanwhohasinsultedme.Manysignedupfor(=joinedin)thecontest.The

guestssatdowntodinnerateight.Ican'tsitdownwith(=sufferwithout

complaint)thatinsult.Weshouldspeakupfor(=speakinaloudvoice

for)justice.Thispolicemanstoodinwith(=wasincretleaguewith)

thogangsters.Whydon'twestandoutagainst(=oppo)thivil

practice?Weshouldstandupfor(=support)thisgoodpolicy.Ialways

thinkbackto(=recall)mychildhood.Thinktwiceaboutitbeforeyou

act.Tuneintoanotherradiostation.Weshouldwakeupto(=realize)

theriousnessofoursituation.Theywaitupforme(=Theystayawake

untilIcomehome).Hewalkedawaywith(=easilywon)theelection.He

walkedoffwith(=tookaway)myumbrella.Wewalkedoutofthemeeting

asanexpressionofprotest.Iwantoutof(=wanttobefreedfrom)her

nagging.Iwarmedupto(=becamefriendlywith)myneighbors.Weshould

wiupto(Am.)(=finallyunder-stand)whatisgoingon.Ican'twork

togetherwithhim.

e.Hegotoutof(=avoided)smoking.Wemovedontogettingmarried.We

stoodupforprohibitingnarcotics.Ineverturnasidefrom(=avoid)

doinganythinggood.Hewentnearto(=narrowlyescaped)beingkilled.

本文发布于:2023-03-05 01:44:05,感谢您对本站的认可!

本文链接:https://www.wtabcd.cn/zhishi/a/167795184511526.html

版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系,我们将在24小时内删除。

本文word下载地址:语法.doc

本文 PDF 下载地址:语法.pdf

上一篇:鲁智深绰号
下一篇:返回列表
标签:语法
留言与评论(共有 0 条评论)
   
验证码:
推荐文章
排行榜
Copyright ©2019-2022 Comsenz Inc.Powered by © 实用文体写作网旗下知识大全大全栏目是一个全百科类宝库! 优秀范文|法律文书|专利查询|