
语法
1.5种类型的谓语
1326在一个完整的句子中,主语之外的部分称为谓语,共有5种类型的
谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词(Ⅳ):
Hecame.
Mywifecried.
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语(TV+O):
Johnlikesme.
Hisunclewroteletters.
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语(DV+IO+DO):
TheyteachmeEnglish.
IboughtMarysugar.
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语(LV+C):
Heisateacher.
Shelookssad.
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语(FV+O+C):
Wemadehimking.
Sheleftthehoudirty.
1.基本成分
1302根据其结构,句子可以分为5类:
a.主语+不及物动词
Johncame.
(S)(IV)
b.主语+及物动词+宾语
Johnlikes
oranges.
(S)(TV)(O)
c.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Johngave
Marybooks.
(S)(DV)
(IO)(DO)
d.主语+系动词+主语补语
Johnis
happy.
(S)(LV)(SC)
e.主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语
Johnmakes
Maryangry.
(S)(FV)(
O)(OC)
主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语
可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中,如把任何一个成分删除,都会成为病
句。从上面例句也可看出,完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分,至多4个基
本成分。
2.附属成分
1303基本成分可以加修饰语:1)定语(即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或
从句)或2)状语(即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句)。下
面例句中,修饰语为斜体字,被修饰的词为黑体字:
1)PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby.
JohnlikesorangesimportedfromtheU.S..
JohngaveMarymanybooks,whicharefullofillustrations.
2)Johnoftencametochatwithme.
Johnlikesorangesverymuch.
Wheneverhegetsdrunk,JohnmakesMaryveryangry.
这类句子,即使把修饰语去掉,结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语,可能在意思
上很重要,但在结构上不影响句子的完整性,因此称作附属成分。
3.独立成分
1304句中还有一类成分,可以去掉,不影响句子的完整性,并和句子的
其他词没有语法的关系,可以称作独立成分。
Oh!Whatisthat!(惊叹词)
Hehas,alas,failedagain.
Comehere,John.(呼语)
Rollon,Ocean,rollon.
4.省略成分
1305此外还有一类被省略的成分,虽然未说出来,却在句中表示一定的
意思:
(You)Comehere.
(Iwishyou)Goodluck!
Somegavehimprais,butothers(gavehim)rotteneggs.
5.连接成分
1306最后还有连接成分,它实际上是一个并列连词,用来连接两个或几
个平行的词、短语和分句。
1307,一个完整的句子(从句或分句)必须包含2个到4个基本成分,
此外,如果意思上有需要,还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。
1.解析
That—指示形容词,修饰单数名词boy。
boy—普通名词,阳性,单数,主格,为动词shook的主语。
shook—及物动词,过去式。
his—物主代词,阳性,单数,第三人称,所有格,修饰名词head。
head—普通名词,中性,单数,宾格,shook的宾语。
2.分析
3.图解
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
解析对词的分类处理过多,不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系,但有
时显得很复杂。图解最有用,因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关
系,这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。
1.4个基本成分的图解办法
13095类基本句及4种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语S
(在左面)和动词V(在右面)分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。
另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语O。
2.附属成分的图解办法
1310主语、动词。宾语及补语这4种基本成分都放在横线的上方,附属
成分,如形容词、副词及起相同作用的其他词语,都放在横线的下方,紧挨在它
们所修饰词的下面:
Myfatherleftyesterday.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Somepeoplewritecommerciallettersskillfully.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Somenaughtylittlechildrenbrokehixpensivespectacles
purpoly.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Adownrightbadmanisveryoftenawonderfullysuccessfulman.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
TheoldmanoppositethestreetvisitedhischildreninFrancein1968.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
3.成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法
1311应当记住,一个空位通常只容一个词(类),但成语由几个词构成
却起一个词(类)的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中,因
为成语表示一个单一的意思,不宜分割成几个词(类):
TheMinisterofEconomicspaidattentiontotheinflation.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
助动词应和主要动词放在一起:
Shehasbeenraisingherchildrenforthelasttenyears.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句,在用作主语、宾语或补语
时,可用一个来进行图解,不仅表示其内在结构,还表示它作为一个词和其
他词的关系:
Heisinabadtemper.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意,这个句子有3个基本成分:主语+系动词+补语。第三部分inabad
temper的图解,不仅说明了这4个词之间的关系,还通过使用说明它作为一
个单一词类和其他词之间的关系,即起形容词的作用,作为系动词is的补语。
在下面图解中,这个短语占了2个空位,这样容易引起误会,因为人们会以为这
个句子包含4个基本成分:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Totellliesisnotalwayssuccessful·
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
上面图解中totelllies这个不定式短语,一方面表明了totell是一
个及物动词,lies是它的宾语,另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用,只占一个
空,作为句子的主语。如果用下面图解,就会引起误会:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Helikesplayingtennisinthemorning.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意上面动名词playingtennisinthemorning的图解,一方面说
明playing为及物动词,tennis为其宾语,而inthemorning为其修饰语,另
一方面说明这个短语起名词作用,用作及物动词(谓语动词)like的宾语。
Hewashesbeforetakingdinner.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意,talkingdinner这个动名词短语,通过使用,表明为一个单一词
类,起名词作用,用作介词before的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
knowthatyouspeakEnglishwell.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意that引起的从句的图解,一方面表明了这5个词之间的关系(that为
连词,主语为you,speak为及物动词,宾语为english,well为speak的修饰
语),另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用,用作及物动词,know
的宾语。that上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。
4.其他规则
1312在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出:
Hehaswalkedfiftymiles.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Comehere.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
What(=Thethingwhich)Iknowisunimportant.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾,在图解中大写字母保持不变:
Canhecome?
Whatatripwehavehad!
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
只要句子的意思保持不变,词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。
HeleftforFranceyesterday.和YesterdayheleftforFrance.图
解的方式一样:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
同样,Isingthissongspeciallyforyou.和SpeciallyforyouIsing
thissong.图解的方式一样:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Myhappydaysaregone!和Gonearemyhappydays!也如此:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
某个特殊的句子,根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在Heisout
oftemper.中,outoftemper可看作是成语,是一个整体,这时图解方式如
下:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
如果把它看作介词短语,包含2个成分,则可作如下图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
在Walkingalongthestreet,JohnmetMary.这个句子中,Walkingalong
thestreet可以看作定语,这时可以按下面方式图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
如果把它看作状语,图解会是下面这个方式:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
还有一些其他规则,说明如下:
在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关,可以是一
个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词:
Luckily,Ifoundthelostring.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Inatword,Icandonomore.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Istudymusicandmywifedoeshouwork.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Heisagreatpolitician;besides,heisanartist.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Heworkedveryhard;ontheotherhand,hischildrenplayedallday.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Indeedheknowshisfault,butherefustoownit.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
最后,注意以后各节中,凡有星号的例句,都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。
Ⅰ.名词(或代词)
1314Booksaregoodcompanions.
Londonispopulous.
如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语,它可以由一个代词代
替,本身则移到句子末尾:
Heisanicefellow,youruncle.
Itistrulylong,thatbridgeacrosstheYellowRiver.
Theyhavegoneaway,thorascals.
Thereitstoodamonumentofallages.
Itisfunnytheway(that)heteacheshischildren.
(主语可以跟一定语从句)
Itastonishesmethenumberofthewiveshehas.
Itisinscrutabletherumourthatisspreading.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
[=]表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。
Ⅱ.名词成语
1315“Crocodiletears”meanspretendedsorrow.Thedogstaristhe
largestfixedstar.A“fieldpiece”meansacannon.
Theriverbedismuddy.Iworeasunhat.Heisapapertigerandwho
isafraidofhim?(名词+名词)
Hismaidenspeechiswonderful.Aleapyearcomeveryfourthyear.His
untimelyendisbeyondbelief.Awetblanketandaqueerfisharecoming
towardus.Isaheavyhandenoughtosuppresstherevolt?(形容词+名
词)
TodayisAllFools'Day.Acat'spawmaybeascapegoat.Thisprinter's
inkispoor.“Man'state”meanstheageofmanhood.(名词所有格+
名词)
Anappleofdiscordwasthrownamongthem.AJackofalltradesmay
beagood-for-nothing.Afishoutofwaterwilldiesoon.Hereisaca
inpoint.Afriendatcourtwillhelpme.(名词+介词+名词)
Theinsandoutsofthisscandalinterestedus.Thelongandshort
ofthestoryisthis.Theupsanddownsoflifearefamiliartomyuncle.(名
词+and+名词)
GuangdongProvinceisinthesouthofChina.Stratford-on-Avonis
thebirth-placeofShakespeare.TheMinistryofEducationhasissuedan
importantordinance.(专有名词短语)
其他例子:
Acurtainlecture,elbowroom,aninctbite,fairytales
TheAlmightyDollar,theDarkContinent,theblackmarket,adarkroom,
agoldenwedding,anachingvoid,alowdiet
Thebull'ye,asheep'ye,afool'scap,asailorshome,Achilles'
heel,Adam'sapple,thelion'sshare,theking'vil
Theageofmachinery,theartofGod,themaninthestreet,abed
ofros,awomanoftheworld,amanoffamily,aletterofcredit,a
wordofhonour,castlesintheair,afriendinneed,amanabouttown
Allbeerandskittle,thealphaandbeta,thewhyandwhere-fore
thesumandsubstance,DarbyandJoan,DavidandJonathan
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Ⅲ.代词
1316Weshallstarttomorrow.Shelikesit.
Mine(=Myfamily)isanunhappyfamily.His(=Hisfate)hasbeen
thefateofanunusualartist.HersisacarmadeinGermany.(名词性
物主代词+系动词+名词)
We(=Ourclass)arefullup.We(=Ouroffice)cloon
Saturdayafternoon.He(=Hiswatch)istoofast.We(=Ourthings)
havebeenpacked.(人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西)
Myunclehe(名词+多余的代词)wantsitdone.Peopleintowntheyhave
neverencows.(文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法)
Sheisanicegirl,Mary.Theyareverylfish,thopeople.(代
词在前,指同一人或东西的名词在后,参阅1314节)
Itishot(orcloudy,snowing,raining.)(It指天气)
Itisspring(ormorning,Sunday,mybirthday);struckthree,
isgrowingtowardvening.(It指时间)
Itistenmiles(oralongway).(It指距离)
ItisI(orme).(It指一个身份尚不清楚的人)
Itisalloverwithhim.Howisitwithhim?Howgoesit?(It泛
指一般情况)
Itismysister(主语受到强调)that(orwho)studiedEnglishat
A.A.A.Schoolwhenshewasventeen.(用Itis…that…这种结构可以
对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。Mysisterstudiedat
A.A.A.Schoolwhenshewasventeen.是原来的句子,对主语加以强调时
可改为上面形式。)
ItisEnglish(宾语受到强调)that(orwhich)mysisterstudied,
etc.
ItisatA.A.A.School(状语短语受到强调)that(orwhere)mysister
studiedEnglish,etc.
Itiswhenshewasventeen(状语从句受到强调)thatmysisterstudied
EnglishatA.A.A.School.
ItisIthatsaidso.
Itiswaitingforachancethatwillnotdo.
Itishere(orthen,forthisreason,withalightningspeed)that
hemarriedher.
Itwasaftereingherthathebecamecrazy.
Whoisitthatyouwant?Whatisitthatheislookingfor?
Itisonlyarithmeticthatheisafraidof.Itisonlyheridolsthat
shepaysattentionto.Itisnothischildrenthathecaresabout,but
hisbusiness.
Itisagoodhorthatneverstumbles.(=Nohorissogoodas
toneverstumble.)(这类常在谚语中出现的句子,结构虽和上面句子相同,
意思却不一样。)
Itisasillyfishthatiscaughttwice.(=nofishissosillyas
tobecaughttwice.)
Itisanillbirdthatfoulshisownnest.(=Nobirdissoillas
tofoulhisownnest.)
注:It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅1318—1322。
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
It表示thething,that引起的从句可以看做定语,修饰主语It。that
起从属连词和代词的作用,图解记号异于并列连词。
Ⅳ.the+形容词(或分词)
1317Thebravedervethefair.Theyoungaretobeeducated.There
arethedyingandthedead,theslainandthevan-guished.(复数主
语)
Thebeautifulandthegoodisourideal.Themiddleorthethick
oftheforesthasmanyanimalsinit.Theaccud(orThedecead)is
arichman.TheFrenchisdifferentincharacterfromtheEnglish.(单
数主语)
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Ⅴ.不定式
1318作主语的不定式常常由it代替,本身放到句末作为it的同位语:
ToliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetooexpensive
toliveinTokyo.
Togooutoftowneveryweekendbecameourcustom.Itbecameourcustom
togooutoftowneveryweekend.
Tohavebrokenhislegishisbadluck.Itishisbadlucktohave
brokenhisleg.
Tobehappyrequires(orneeds,wants)nogreatfortune.
Itrequiresnogreatfortunetobehappy.
Toberichortobepoormakesalotofdifference.Itmakesalot
ofdifferencetoberichortobepoor.
Toraithefund,totupthebuilding,toemployworkers,allthe
taketime.
Thestorymakesmesicktorepeat.Torepeatthestorymakesmesick.It
makesmesicktorepeatthestory.(这三句意思相同,却有不同的主语。)
Thistheorytakesmuchtimetounderstand.Tounderstandthistheory
takesmuchtime.Ittakesmuchtimetounderstandthistheory.
Toanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletteriasy.
Itiasytoanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletter.
Thequestionyouaskedinyourletter,itiasytoanswer.
(这三句意思相同,可比较其主语。)
Tohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamilyemsdifficult.Items
difficulttohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamily.Awifewhocomes
ofarichfamily,itemsdifficulttohandle.
不定式可以有一个意义上的主语:
ForJohntoliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetoo
expensiveforJohntoliveinTokyo.
Foracommonertomarryanobleman'sdaughterdoesnotastonishme.It
doesnotastonishmeforacommonertomarryanobleman'sdaughter.
Forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeaceisasfunnyasfordrinkersto
talkabouttemperance.Itisasfunnyasfordrinkerstotalkabout
temperance,forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeace.
下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。foryou,ofyou等和itis有
关,起补语作用:
Itisfor(orupto)youtosayyesorno.(=
Tosayyesornoisfor[orupto]you.)
Itiasierforyoutospeaktothebossthanforme.(=Tospeak
tothebossiasierforyouthanforme.)
Itisverykindofyoutodoso.(=Todosoisverykindofyou.)
ItisnaturalinMarytoloveJohn.
Itisinconvenienttohertowaitsolong.
Itisuptoyoutoapologize.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意意义上的主语forJohn是如何图解的。
Ⅵ.动名词
1319和不定式一样,作主语的动名词也可以用it代替:
LivinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive.Itwouldbetooexpensive
livinginTokyo.
Cryingoverspiltmilkisnou.Itisnoucryingoverspiltmilk.
Thereisnoclimbingupthecliff.(=Climbingupthecliffis
impossible.)
Thereisnodenyingthefact.(=Denyingthefactisimpossible.)
John's(orHis)livinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive.
ItwouldbetooexpensiveJohn's(orhis)livinginTokyo.
(动名词这里有意义上的主语)
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
注意动名词意义上主语John's如何图解的。
Ⅶ.that引起的从句
1320由that引起的主语从句常可用it代替,而本身则移到句尾,作为
it的同位语:
Thathehadsucceededpleadmeverymuch.Itpleadmeverymuch
thathehadsucceeded.
Thathewaskilledisariousmatter.Itisariousmatterthat
hewaskilled.
Thathehasdonehisbestisclear.Itisclear(that)hehasdone
hisbest.(如果句子不长,that可以省略。)
Thefact(orThecircumstance)thathewaskilledwasarious
matter.(that引起的从句前面常可放thefact或thecircumstance)
Itisclear(orlikely,certain)thathelikeshisjob.
Itwouldbebetterthathegiveupsmoking(=Hehadbettergiveup
smoking).
Itisrumoured(orsaid,learned,denied)thatthepremierdecides
toresign.
Itisapitythatheshoulddiesoyoung.
Ithappened(orchanced,cameabout,developed,turnedout)thatthe
detectivehimlfwasthethief.
Itcameaboutthatwehadnotenoughmoneytopaythebill.
Items(orappears,occurs)tomethatsheisapoet.
ItstruckmethatIcouldbealawyer.
Heispoor,butitdoesnotfollowthathewillcheatanyone.
ItisnotthatAisanuprightman,butthathehasnochancetodo
evil.ItmaybethatBistoohungrytodoanygood,butitcannotbethat
heiswillingtodoanyevil.
Itis(high)timethatwestarted.
Howisitthatyouknowsomuch?Howcomesit(about)thatyouknow
somuch?Howcome(=why)youknowsomuch?
(Itis)Some(Little,No)wonder(that)hefailed.
(在用wonder作补语时,itis可以省略。)
(Itwas)Awonder(that)hedidnotfall.Whatwonder(wasit)
thathefalled?(=Itwasnaturalthathefailed.)
Itissaid(ordenied,rumoured)thattheMayorfellinlovewith
Mary.TheMayor,itissaid(ordenied,rumoured),fellinlovewithMary.(这
两句意思几乎相同,但在第二句中不能用that。)
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Ⅷ.疑问词引起的从句
1321由疑问词引起的从句,和that引起的从句一样,可以由it代替:
Howhecoulddoitemedamystery.Itemedamysteryhowhecould
doit.
Wherehehadescapedpuzzledme.Itpuzzledmewherehehadescaped.
Whatisittomewhoheis?
Itdoesnotmatterwhenyougetmarried,but…
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来,但一个需加括号。
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Ⅸ.疑问词+不定式
1322疑问词引起的不定式,和连接词引起的从句一样,也可以用it代替:
Howtoescapeemstobeaproblem.Itemstobeaproblem,how
toescape.
Whattosaypuzzlesme.Itpuzzlesmewhattosay.
Whetherornottofollowthepolicydependsuponcircumstances.It
dependsuponcircumstances.whetherornottofollowthepolicy.
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
Ⅹ.术语和引语
1323Onisapreposition.Buymeans“getbypayingaprice”.“Look
beforeyouleapisafamousproverb.“Honestyisthebestpolicy”isa
sayingoftenridiculedbypeople.
Ⅺ.介词短语
1324Fromventovenisourstorehours.Frominfancytomanhood
isanimportantperiod.Fromheretothereisashortdistance.Goodin
thesaddleisgoodforeverything.(这样的短语用作主语时很少)
Ⅻ.省略
1325(You)Sitdown,plea.(You)Waitaminute.(Doyou)Like
it?(Youhad)Bettersayno.(Areyou)Feelinganybetter?(It)Seems
tobeimpossible.(作主语时,有些代词有时省略。)
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
1.5种类型的谓语
1326在一个完整的句子中,主语之外的部分称为谓语,共有5种类型的
谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词(Ⅳ):
Hecame.
Mywifecried.
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语(TV+O):
Johnlikesme.
Hisunclewroteletters.
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语(DV+IO+DO):
TheyteachmeEnglish.
IboughtMarysugar.
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语(LV+C):
Heisateacher.
Shelookssad.
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语(FV+O+C):
Wemadehimking.
Sheleftthehoudirty.
2.动词的短语形式
1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些,上面例句中的及物动
词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词,但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语
或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词:
Helostheart.(他灰心了。)
Thishabithasstruckroot.(这种习惯已根深蒂固)
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词:
Ilookedformylostdictionary.(我在找我弄失的字典。)
Hepaidattentiontohislesson.(他很注意他的功课。)
Hegaveupdrinking.(他戒酒了。)
Heisafraidofblood.(他怕血。)
Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.(他和谁都处不好。)
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词:
Iwaitedforhimtocome.(我等他来。)
详见1182—1206节。
3.宾语的9种形式
1328此外,也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语,共有9种东西可用作及物
动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用,可以称作
名词等同体(Noun-Equivalent),名词等同体,可用作动词的宾语:
IknowJohn(名词).
Shekeptthefloordirty.
IwillteachJohnChine.
Iknowhim(代词).
Shekeptitclean.
Thatdependsuponthem.
Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord(名词短语).
IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.
Iamnotfondofwildgoocha.
Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor(the+形容词或分词).
Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand
(the)shortofthisca.
Hewantstogotocollege(不定式).
Sherefustomarryme.
Iaskedtoeafriendinprison.
Heisfondofswimminginthemorning(动名词).
Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.
Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.
Iknowthatshelovesme(that引起的从句).
Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.
Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?
Iwonderwhathewants(疑问词引起的从句).
Iaskedwherehehadbeen.
Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.
Idon'tknowwhattodo(疑问词引起的不定式).
Iamdoubtfulhowtottlethisproblem.
Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.
4.补语的15种形式
1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语,上面所提的9种名词等同体以及
下面例句中的6种形容词等同体(Adjective-Equiva-lent)都可用作系动词
或宾补动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语:
Heisaking(名词).
Wechohimchairman.
Itisme(代词).
Hebecameafishoutofwater(名词短语).
Ifinditamootpoint.
Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor(the+形容词).
Torespectothersistoberespected(不定式).
Seeingisbelieving(动名词).
Hispurpoisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated(that引起的从
句).
Theproblemiswhoistoblame(疑问词引起的从句).
Myproblemishowtolearn(疑问词引起的不定式).
形容词及形容词等同体作补语:
Heemshappy(形容词).
Youlookyoung.
Hemakesmeangry.
Heisout(地点副词).
Theshowisover.
Timeisup.
Heisathome(介词短语).
Weareongoodterms.
Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.
Itemsinteresting(现在分词).
Thesituationgrowncouraging.
IsawMarysmoking.
Iamastonished(过去分词).
Helookedfrightened.
Ihadmyclotheswashed.
Heistoblame(不定式).
Itistobethrownaway.
Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.
5.再复杂的句子也可简化
1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同形式看作同类东西,
从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotlike
toliveinthiscountry.中的10个斜体词和IknowJohn.中的一个斜体词
看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He
beggedtoeafriendinprison.中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon.中
的一个斜体词看作是作用相等,因为两者都是宾语。
同样,我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7个斜
体词和Heispunctual.中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西,因为两者都是补语。
另外下面4个句子中的斜体词,形式不一,我们却可看作一类东西,都是及物动
词或是起及物动词作用的词组:
Helikeschocolate.(他喜欢巧克力。)
Heisfondofteaching.(他爱教书。)
Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.(约翰关心他的买卖。)
Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.(我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。)
此外,在上面单元中,我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等,尽
管形式不同,字数不等,却都起同样作用,担任句子的主语。这样,不管多复杂
的句子都可简化,而简化是语法的目的。
2.一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型,先看看下面句子:
a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.
b.Wewanthimtocome.
c.Sheletustouhercar.
d.Theysuppoallofustoobey.
e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型,即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”,
但只有b.句的谓语是正确的,因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型,其他
动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子:
a.Itriedadvisingher.
b.Iaskedeingtheboss.
c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.
d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.
e.Theyrefudhelpingus.
上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型,即“及物动词+动名词”,但只有a.句
是正确的,因为动词tried可用于这种类型,而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面10个例句我们可以看出,一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中,
在一特定类型中,一个特定的动词能用还是不能用,完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中:
IknowJohn.(及物动词+名词)(正确)
IknowJohntocometomorrow.(宾补动词+名词+不定式)(错误)
IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.(及物动词+that引起的从句)(正
确)
Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+不定式)(错误)
Iknowtheworkeasy.(宾补动词+名词+形容词)(错误)
Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式)
(正确)
Iknowtheworktobeeasy.(宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词)(正确)
IknowJohncoming(宾补动词+名词+现在分词).(错误)
Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty(及物动词+动名词).(错误)
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中,不能
在许多类型中使用。
3.一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词,另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系
动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介
词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词,在“及物动词+不定式或
动名词”这类类型中,约可用50个动词,而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”
这种类型中,约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词,在本单元中将几乎全
部列出并加上例句,以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些
谓语类型中可用的动词极多(可说是成百上千)。在这种情况下只能给出一小部
分动词。
C.谓语类型与句型
1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意:
1.动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致,因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。
而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂,这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。
如果对主语不加考虑,这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中,
谓语类型的公式都采用“S+TV+N”,“S+DV+N+N”,“S+FV+N+A”这类
形式,里面包含了主语(S),因此也就代表了句型。
2.一个句型可以包含一个简单句:
Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.
Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.
3.它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句:
Heknowswhatyouaredoing.
Iaskedwherehegotit.
4.但并列句中至少需有两个句型:
Ihavedecidedtogo(一个句型)andhewillgotoo(一个句型),but
shedecidestoremainathome(一个句型).(共包含三个句型)
D.修饰语与独立成分
1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架,它可包含任何数量的修饰语(即形容
词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语)。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要,但在语
法上却是可以删除的,在我们考虑句型,也就是句子的基本结构时,可以对它们
不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+及物动词+名词”,但却可
包含不同类型的修饰语(斜体部分)。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4
个词的句子同属一个句型:
Isawahou.
Isawabighou.
Isawabighouontheoppositeside.
Isawabighouontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehaunted
byaghost.
YesterdayIsawabighou….
YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighou….
修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分,但基本结构不
变。
所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+系动词+补语”:
Thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.
E.句型的用法
1337在下面讨论中,所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。
列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来,数目越小,越难
使用,因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词,则用错的机会更多。
1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果
把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语,则它们大部分仍可归入某
些句型:
Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可
能换为intend,则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。)
Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主语+及物动
词+that引起的从句)
“Whohastakenmypen?”“John(hastakenyourpen).”
(I)Beg(your)pardon.
(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.
(You)Liveandlet(others)live.
(Iwishyou)Goodluck!
1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的,因
为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个:
1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主语+不及物动词+介词+that
引起的从句)
2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词
引起的从句)
3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.(主语+系动词+形
容词+介词+that引起的从句)
4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.(主语+系动词+形容词+动名词)
5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.(主语+及物动词+that+疑
问词引起的从句)
6.Wewantpeaceful.(主语+及物动词+形容词)
这些句型应改正如下:
正确句
型
正确句子
1.主语+及物动词+that引I
hearthatJohnhasar-
起的从
句
rived.
2.主语+及物动词+名词+I
paidattentiontowhat
介词+疑问词引起的从句hewasdoing.
3.主语+系动词+形容词
+Heisafraidthathewill
that引起的从
句be
assassinated.
4.主语+系动词+形容词
+Heisafraidofbeingas-
介词+动名
词
sassinated.
5.主语+及物动词+疑问词I
knowwhohasbroken
引起的从
句
thewindow.
6.主语+及物动词+名
词Wewantpeace.
其次,应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。
F.47种句型的公式
1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表,例如:“S+IV”,“S+TV+N”,
“S+LV+AP”,“S+FV+N+PaP”,“S+DV+N+that-Cl”.下面列出了
代表某些词的缩写形式:
S=Subject(主
语)PaP=Past
Participle(过
O=Object(宾
语)去分词)
C=Complement(补语)N=Noun
orPronoun(名
IO=IndirectObject(间接词或
代词)
宾
语)
R=ReflexivePronoun(反
DO=DirectObject(直接身代
词)
宾
语)
A=Adjective(形容词)
IV=IntransitiveVerb
(不P=Preposition(介词)
及物动
词)
AP=AdverbofPlace,or
TV=TransitiveVerb
(及AdverbialParticle,as
物动
词)
in,out,up,away
DV=DativeVerb(双宾动(地点
副词或副词性小
词)
品词)
LV=LinkingVerb(系动
词)
W-Cl=Interrogative-
FV=FactitiveVerb(宾
补Clau,(疑问词引起的动词)
从句,由whether,
I=Infinitive(不定
式)what,which,who,
G=Gerund(动名
词)whom,who,where,
PrP=Prent
Participlewhen,why,how
引
(现在分
词)
起)
That-Cl=
Noun-Clauinn.=
innumreable=hun-
(that引起的名词
从dredsor
thousands(无
句)
数,成百上千)
“·”表示它前后的词构成成语,如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,
它们包含2个或3个词。
1341一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分,即主语及不及物动词,
如:
S+IV
S+IV.AP
2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分,即主语,及物动词及宾语,
如:
S+TV+N
S+IV.P+that-Cl
S+LV.A.P+G
或指另外3个成分,如主语、系动词及补语:
S+LV+A
S+LV+that-Cl
S+LV+P.N
3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分:主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直
接宾语,如:
S+DV+N+N
S+DV+N+W-Cl
S+DV+N+that-Cl
也可以是另外4个成分,如主语、宾补动词、宾语及(宾语)补语:
S+FV+N+A
S+FV+N+PaP
S+IV.P+N+I
这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实,即英语句子是很简单的,它少则包
含两个成分,多则包含四个成分。
了解了公式及图解的意义,现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句
型。注意:句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。
1.S+IV(Johnlaughed.)
1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语,其数量不可胜数:
Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Fireburns.
Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.That
depends.Itdoesnotpay.
1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词,如果宾语可以猜出,着重点不是宾语,
而是动词(动作)时,可以把宾语省略,用作不及物动词:
Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.The
blinddonote.Wemusteat.Iwillchange(mydress).Theknifecuts
well.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don'ttrouble
(yourlf).Thestainshows(itlf).Theymarried(eachother).
1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前,看起来像及物动词,实际上却是
不及物动词:
Thethermometerro(orfell)twodegrees.
Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.
Iwalkedfivemiles.
1345图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
2.S+IV.AP(Johnmovedin.)
1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词,与之构成成语。但在
多数情况下,这些副词并不表示地点,而有其他意思,因此可以称作副词性小品
词(AdverbialParticle).
a.Don'tanswerback(=answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.He
backsaway(=drawsback)fromherbecauhehasmadeherangry.Don't
worry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfilapromi).Inorderto
survive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter-rupted
rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passaway
withoutinjuriouffect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblew
up(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loshistemper)ateverysmall
incident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofa
pan).Braceup(=takecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Many
prisonersbrokeaway(=suddenlyescaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown
(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout(=startedsuddenly
andviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).
b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlike
thiscomesabout(=happens)everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=
arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theedshavecomeup(=shot
upabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup
(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=became
calm).Shewasshockedatthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhaps
unwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearnedcomputersciencewhenhecracked
up(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=stealin
unnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)
becauofmisrule.Ishouldnottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown
(=lesn).
c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)every
Sunday.Theydrinkliquoreverydayandcan-notdowithout(=dispen
withit).Wedresdup(=putonformalclothes)forabanquet.Iwill
dropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedropped
off(=decread)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishing
hiscours)atfifteen.Thewellhasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroad
isrough,weshouldeadown(=lesnspeed).Letuadown(=work
less,makelesffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)
afterhisdeath.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauofcivil
war.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfalls
behind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto(=begin
toeatortowork.)
d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becautheroadwasblocked.She
gotdown(=dismounted)fromherhor.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=
startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetupatsixinthe
morning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becoming
cheaper).Arumourwentforth(=becamepublic).Thegunwentoff
(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton(=continued).Thecandlehasgone
out(=ceadtoburn).Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)ifeveryone
goesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(=stop).Lookin
(=Payashortvisit)asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don'tlookon
(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),herecomesatruck!
Imovedin(=movedintoahou)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpass
away(=ceatoexist).Shepasdaway(=died)amonthago.
e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becauthebatteryhad
exhausteditlf).Sheranon(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverun
out(=becomeexhausted).Badweathertin(=began).Wetout(=t
off)onFebruary16.Hettleddown(=establishedhimlf)atasmall
village.Idon'twanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside
(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Somestoodback(=
retreated),somestoodout(=refudtoyield).Theproposalwillstand
over(=bepostponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfrom
surpri.Thetyrantshouldstepdown(=re-sign).Manyvolunteersstepped
forward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfathernever
steppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetoget
afreeride).Thebandstruckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup
(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind(oralong)(=followed
cloly)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),I
thinkback(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingon
inaroutineway).Wetoucheddown(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Many
workerswalkedout(=re-fudtowork).
1347图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)
1348约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义,它们通常和表
示无生命东西的主语连用:
a.Thisplayactxcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebread
bakeswell.Thedoorblewopen.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnot
break.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggagecarrieasily.David's
raincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'temtocheck
withthefacts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthe
ntenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoeswillcookslowly.Everyminute
counts.Thepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescroppedwell
lastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcuts
likebutter.Thepineappledoesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwill
cutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milkdigests
easily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawasily.Thefrogeatslike
chicken.
b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.The
eggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon'tgrindfine.Waterheatsreadily.This
clothironasily.Thishouletswell.Thedoorwillnotlock.The
bookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thepotatoespeel
easily.Shephotographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilm
doesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill(orwell).Thephotoreproduces
well.
c.Hishourentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashame
does.notruboff.Thisplasticscratcheasily.Theplayscreenbadly
(=isunfitforfilming).Thebookllswell.Thisdoorwon'tshut.This
cigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.This
materialstainasily.Theshipsteerswithea.Thematchwillnot
strike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde-scenttracedbacktoaking.This
poemtranslateasily.TheTVtwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillnever
warp.Thismaterialwasheasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworked
outwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.
d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=is
beingbound).Sometroubleisbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimming
withnewideas.Thehouisbuilding.Thebridgeiscompletingnow.The
mealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Guns
arefiring.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwith
people.Thefishisfrying.Thehouisleasing.Thecowsaremilking.One
boyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Musicwas
playing.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblem
isttlingthisway.Anewfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.The
edsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoilingquickly.Measures
aretaking.
1349图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapane.)
1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语:
Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook
Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.
1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语,如果被化作
一个整体,可以看成是一个不及物动词:
Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccident
tookplace(=happened)thismorning.
Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothe
jungle.
在某些成语中,名词前没有冠词,也没有物主代词:
a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswords
poor).Don'tborrowtrouble(=worryabouttroublethatwon'tcome).We
brokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,begananundertaking).Ourboat
castanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Her
houcaughtfire.Hechangedcolour(=be-camepale).Hispersonality
commandsteem(orrespect).Heneverdidevil(orill,wrong).None
ofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.Wedid(=produced)
RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette
(orbreakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(=translated)
FrenchintoEnglish.Idid(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=give
afalwarning)justforarmsaid.
b.Onemustexercipatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisauthority
anddiscipline.Hefeltregret,butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(or
leisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthelead,
wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatch
gainedtime.Wehavegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongain
power,ifwearepatientenough.Hegaveevidenceinthelaw-court.He
gaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(oradvice,
notice,warning,trouble).I'vehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).You
hitit(=saidtherightthing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn't
valid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gaveupthebailmoney
andranawaytoavoidtrial).
c.Mymotherkepthouandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopen
hou(=providedhospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyand
soultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekeptbadcompany(=associatedwith
badpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.Hekilled
timebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.
d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylogroundbutwillneverlo
hope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)afterIfail.Bequick,don'tlo
time.Helostlf-contrcl(orhimlf)inmomentsofstress.
e.Mothermakesdinner.Itemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=
travelledfastandarrivedontime).Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakes
goodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney(orprofit),
butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea
(orhay).Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.We
madeway(orheadway)(=advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarked
time(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife.
f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemoved
heavenandearth(=dideverything)toattackhisopponent.Theyopened
fire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoftenplay
havoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaims
byhookorbycrook).Hehadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum
(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedcondfiddle(=helda
subordinateplace).Hefailedbe-cauhehadoftenplayedtruant.
g.Weraidmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfrom
handwriting.Hecanreadmusic.Imustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace
(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Wet(ormade,
struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefudtoyield,
heshowedfight.Heshowedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghis
enemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckinsomeenterpri).Hesuffered
(orsustained)defeat.
h.Don'ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreath
afterclimbingupstairs.Hetookcoldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrink
anddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontakeeffect
(=beeffective).Takeexercieverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetook
flightaftermurderingawoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttake
offence(=beoffended).Somethingstrangetookplace(=happened)inthis
oldhou.Let'stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken
root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)
nextyear.Hetooktroubletohelpme.
i.Don'ttemptprovidence(=takeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouched
bottom(=isbeginingtoprosperafterhisworstdays).Theboatturned
turtle(=turnedupsidedown).
在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词,或作复数:
j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticized
him,hehasborneagrudge(=nurdagrievance).Theenemybeataretreat
(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch(=startedsome
-thingnew)invariousfields.Don'tbreatheaword(=sayaword)about
thiscret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).I
wouldliketocrossswords(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedonea
goodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failedtogetany
information)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline
(=distinguish)betweenrightandwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)at
six.
k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiveningIhave
adate(oranengagement)(=haveasocialmeeting)withher.Ihavea
job(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但:
Ihavemylfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn't
liftafinger(orahand)(=didn'tgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand
(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.
1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for
3p.m.Hemadeaboast,butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthe
phone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface),andthenwewerenomore
angry.Don'tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle).Johnmadeahit
(=gaveagoodimpression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemake
amove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadeapublicappearanceafternineyears
inprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=earnsmoneyquickly).Wemake
arow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.As
soonaswearrivedwemaderervationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks
(=toff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves(=createdansation
toimpressothers)attheparty.
m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=cretlyexertsinfluence).Don't
runarisk(=putyourlfindanger).Thepatientranatemperature
(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasrvedantence(ortime)(=pasd
termofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruck
ahappymedium(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommitted
mistakesforthefirsttime,wemightstretch(orstrain)apoint(=allow
anexceptiontotherules).
n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackat(=occupyanunimportant
position).Wetakeacoffeebreak(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)
aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbeforehespoke.The
situationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonest
penny(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).
在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词:
o.Actyourage(=Don'tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair
(=madeulesfforts).Imustbidemytime(=waitforagood
chance).Someoneblackedhiye(=gavehimablow).Heblewhisown
trumpet(=praidhimlf).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildly
enthusiasticbecauofdrugs).Hebosdtheshow(=con-trolled
everything).Sheboxedhiar(=smackedhimontheear).Ihaveto
break(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour
ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomererve).Thenewsbrokeher
heart.Hebrokehisword(=failedtokeephispromi).Ibrokethenews
(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=quarrelled).He
burnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburied
thehatchet(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amnottobedeceived).
p.Hecallstheroll(=callsthenamestocheckwhoareabnt).Dick
carriedtheball(orthecan)(=didthehardestpartofthework).I
carried(orgained)mypoint(=succeeded).Wecarried(orgained)the
day(=won).Icaughtmybreath(=restafterhardbreathing)afterrunning.He
triedtocatchthetrainbutmisdit.Thisadvertimentcatchesmy
eye.Hechangedhiscoat(=becameaturncoat).Don'tchangeyourmind.He
changedhistune(=changedhispolicy).Heclearedhisreputation
(=freehisnamefromreproach).Hecrackedthewhip(=suddenlybecame
bossy)toimpressme.WecrosdtheRubicon(=tookadecisivestep
forward).Whennobodycouldttletheproblem,hecuttheGordianknot
(=ttleitinanunusualrapidway).
q.Ididthesights(orthetravel)(=wentsighteingortooka
trip).Thelittlegirlcando(=makecleanandtidy)herhair,herteeth,
hernails,eventhelaundry,thebed-room,thedishes.Shedoes(=learns)
herlessonswell,andcando(=solve)anysum(orproblem).Shedoesher
bit(=doeshershareofduty)splendidly.Hedoggedmyfootsteps
(=constantlyfollowedme)becauhesuspectedIwasaspyworkingfor
foreigners.Hedragshisfeet(orheels)(=hesitates)whenaskedtowork.We
drewtheswords(=werereadytofight).Hehastoeathiswords(=take
backhiswords).Althoughsmall,thistablefillsthebill(=isjust
right).Ihavetofacethemusic(=facetrouble).Heisfeelinghis
way(=proceedingcarefullybutslowly).Althoughtheywerecripples,
theyfoughtthewayupthehill.Weallfollowthecrowd.Don'tworry,
I'llfootthebill(=payalltheexpens).Thisnumberofpersonswill
notformthemajority.
r.Hegotthesack(=wasdismisd).Hegottheupperhand(=gained
control).Hehasthecourageofhisconvictions(=actsbravelyaccording
tohisbelief).Thiscarhashaditsday(=fallenintodisu).This
smallaffairhitstheheadlines(=becomesimportantnews)inthissmall
town.Themusichitsthepublictaste.Hehitshisstride(=exhibitshis
bestability)whenhetellsastory.Wewillholdthefort(=defendthe
position)tothelast.Holdyourtemper(=Don'tgetangry).Ihaveto
holdmytongue(ormypeace)(=keepsilent).Imustholdmyown(=keep
whatIhave).Wemusthold(orkeep,maintain)ourground(=keepwhat
wehave).Hehasalwayshusbandedhisresources(=beenfrugalagainst
anemergency).
s.Ijoggedhismemory(=remindedhim).Hejumpedthegun(=started
torunbeforethestarter'sgun),andjumpedthetraces(=didn'tobey
therules).Thetrainjumpedtherails(orthetrack)(=suddenly,left
therails)andmanywerekilled.Dickslippedbutkepthisfeet(=kept
standing).Heknowshiswayabout(oraround)(=understandstheways
oftheworld).Heknowstheropes(orthescore)(=knowsthespecial
rules)intheexportbusiness.Hewillleadtheway(=beaguide)tothe
oldcastle.Ileftthebeatentrack(=didnotfollowthecrowd).Helost
hisreason(=becamemad).
t.Hemadethegrade(=succeeded)inbusiness.Thedoctormakes
(orgoes)therounds(=goesfromplacetoplacetoinspect)every
morning.Wemadeourway(=advanced)throughtheforest.Hemendedhis
fences(=madepeacewithpeoplewhodislikehim).Youmisdtheboat
(=misdtheopportunity).Thecompanyopeneditsdoors(=started
doingbusiness)in1950andcloditsdoors(=stoppeddoingbusiness)
in1983.Thixhibitionopenedoureyes(=madeusethetruth).Ipicked
myway(=proceeded)upasteephill.Imustplaythegame(=dowhatis
right).Youplayedyourcardswell(=actedcleverly).Dickplayedthe
market(=boughtandsoldstocks)andlostlotsofmoney.Jimpocketed
hisdignity(=laida-sidehispride)andevenpocketedaninsult(=
acceptedit).Hehaspoisonedyourear(ormind)sothatyoucan'tbe
fair.
u.Everymembershouldpullhisweight(=doeshispart).Don'tpull
myleg(=foolme).Onceyousucceed,neverpushyourluck(=expectto
continuetobelucky).Hehastorunthegauntlet(=receiveariesof
illtreatment).Heruledtheroost(=lordeditover).Wemustsavethe
situation(=dosomethingtoimprovethesituation).Anewmethodwille
thelight(=bedisclod).Thisrvesmyturn(orpurpo).Ihaverved
myapprenticeshipforvenyears.Shetthetablefortenpersons.He
showshisfaceaftertenyearsofabnce.Iwillshowtheway.Everyone
singshisprais(=praishimstrongly).Hesowedhiswildoats(=led
adissipatedlifewhenyoung).Iwillspeakmymind(=speakcandidly).He
stoletheshow(=actedsowellthattheaudienceignoredtheother
performers).Hestolethespotlight(=madepeoplewatchhiminsteadof
whattheyshouldwatch).Youstolemythunder(=saidbeforemewhatI
intendedtosay).Jimhasstrainedeverynerve(=udeveryeffort).He
swallowedthebait(=wasofferedabigpromiandwascaught).
v.Marytookit(=endureditwithoutcomplaints)thoughshewasill
-treated.Youcantakeyourea(oryourowncour)(=actyour
pleasure).Thedoctortookmypulandtemperature(=ascertain
them).Wheredoesthiscustomtakeitsri(=originate)?Takeyourtime
(=Don'trush).Wemustnottieourownhands(=restrainour-lves
fromaction).Wehavetotightenourbelts(=eatlessandspendlessthan
usual).Justonevotetippedthebalance(orthescale)(=turnedthe
scale,decidedsome-thingdoubtful).Iwouldtrymyhand(=try).Should
Iturntheothercheek(=bepatientandnothitback)whenIaminjured
orinsulted?Hissuccesshasturnedhishead(=madehimact
foolishly).Thedeadbodyturnedherstomach(=madehersick).The
reinforcementsturnedthetide(=changethesituationfavourably).He
turnedhisthoughttosomethingmuchmoreimportant.Hejusttwiddledhis
thumbs(=didn'tdoanything).
w.Shewalkedthefloor(=walkedbackandforth)allnight,shewas
soworried.Hewalkedtheplank(=wasforcedtoresign).Watchit(=Be
careful).
人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语,特别是在简单句中。往往
不说“Icook.”“Helaughed.”“Wechatted.”“Tomrepairs.”“we
acted.”而说“Idothecooking.”“Hegavealaugh.”“Wehadachat.”
“Tommakesrepairs.”“Wetakeaction.”也就是把一个词换成了两个词,
用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。
下面是一些这类短语的例子:
x.IDOthecleaning,thereading,theshopping,thetranslating,
alittlewing;anap,atry,abriskwalk.
HeGAVEacry,agroan,ajump,ashout,ashrug,alongsigh,asatisfied
smile.
WeHADabath,adream,afight,aninterview,aquar-rel,ashave,
ashower,asmoke,aswim,atalk,ataste,atry,awalk,awash,achat,
ago,arest,asleep.
SheTOOKabath,breath,anap,alook,notice,objection,recreation,
arest,asolitarystroll,alongwalk.
PaulMADEanannouncement,ananswer,anapplication,anappointment,
anattack,anattempt,abeginning,abid,acall,acheck-up,acomment,
acomparison,acopy,criticism,adecision,adeclaration,ademand,
experiments,anexplanation,aguess,inquiries,investigations,notes,
payment,preparations,progress,aproposal,arecovery,aremark,arequest,
repairs.re-arches,asacrifice,alection,aslip,aformalstatement,
anotherstart,alongstay,adeepstudy,ahelpfulsuggestion,ageneral
survey,veralvisits.
1352图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
5.S+TV+R或S+TV.R或S+TV+(R)(Johnhidhim-lfbehindit.)
1353无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语(S+TV+R):Shereproached
herlf.Hekilledhimlf.Hepraidhimlf.Don'tdeceiveyourlf.He
cuthimlf.Thedogchokeditlf.
1354有些动词和反身代词构成成语,相当于一个不及物动词(S+TV.R):
Heavowed(ordeclared)himlf(=showedhischaracteropenly);
collectedhimlf(=regainedlf-control);concealhimlf(=hid);
enjoyedhimlf(=hadagoodtime);exertedhimlf(=endeavoured);
can'tfindhimlf(=providehisownliving,orfindouthisabilities
anduthem).Ilostmylf(=demeanedmylf,lostmyway,orbecame
absorbedinsomething);pulledmylftogether(=becamecompod);
ated(orttled)mylf(=satdown);washedmylf(=bathed).
1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词:
Ioverworkedmylf,oversleptmylf,overatemylf.
Hedisported(=amud)himlf.Heperjuredhimlf.
Hebusiedhimlf.Heabntedhimlffromschool.
Bestiryourlf.Ibethoughtmylfofit.Youmustdemean(orbear,
comport,deport,conduct,acquit,quit)yourlfproperly.Helpyourlf
(=Serveyourlfwithfood).Herelievedhimlf(=wenttothebathroom).
1356约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词,也可以不跟(S+TV+(R)):
a.就某些动词来说,使用反身代词时语气更强一些:
Thebubblebursts(itlf).Thecloudsdisperd(themlves).He
dresd(himlf)foraparty;engaged(himlf)inacontest(ora
quarrel).Thehorfed(itlf)ongrass.Heguarded(himlf)against
vice;hid(himlf)behind;neverintruded(himlf)onanybody's
company.CanIqualify(mylf)forthepost?Ireformed(my-lf).I
rested(mylf)onthecouch.Het(himlf)upasascholar.Heshaved
(himlf)foradinner;stripped(himlf)forashower-bath.Icould
notsubmit(orsurrender)(mylf)totheenemy(orinsult).Itrained
(mylf)fortherace.Inevertroubled(mylf)tohelpanyone.Heturned
(himlf)tomeforadvice.Hewashed(himlf).Heworried(himlf)
aboutnothing.Hewrapped(himlf)beforegoingout.
b.在下面例句中,动词之后的反身代词常常省略:
NosuspicionattachestoJohn.Achickendevelopsintheegg.Theroad
extendsformiles.Hisheartfillswithsorrow.Don'thurry.Keepquiet.Make
surethatthejourneyissafe.Wemademerry.Don'tmisbehave.Icannot
refrainfromlaughing.Weremovedfromplacetoplace.Johnparatedfrom
Mary.Iwithdrawfromsociety.
c.在下面例句中,动词之后的反身代词可以保留,也可以省略,根据特定
的上下文决定:
Thechilddoesnotbehave(himlf)(=showgoodmanners).
Hebehavedwell(orgallantly,properly).
Hedrewhimlfup(=assumedanerectattitude).
Hedrewup(=camenear).
Hegorgedhimlfwithmeat.
Hegorgedonmeat.
Heindulgedhimlfwithwine.
Heindulged(himlf)inwine.
Wehavetoprepareourlves.
Wehavetoprepare(ourlves)fortheworst(ortheexam).
d.Heisrecoveringhimlf(=becomingcalm).
Heisrecoveringfromillness(ormadness,fatigue,shock,fright).
Hethimlftowriteletters(ortowritingletters)(=beganto
writeletters).
Hettowork(=begantowork).
Hetouttodoit,taboutdoingit(=begantodoit).
Hettledhimslef(=becamecalm).Hettledhimlf(=satdown)
inachair.
Hettled(himlf)down(=becameestablishedinanewwayoflife)
inLondon.
It(Thing)willttle.
1357图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
6.S+TV+N(Johnlivesahappylife.)
1358约有60个动词,通常用作不及物动词,却可以有同源宾语(Cognate
Object),这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同,通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语
修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形:
Sheblushedaninnocentblush;bowedalittlebow;coughedaterrible
cough;dancedasillydance.Hediedanaturaldeath(orathousanddeaths,
thedeathofamartyr,thedeathhederved);dreamedasweetdream;
laughedaheartylaugh;livedahappylife;lookalookofweariness;
couldnotsayhissay.Hesighedadeepsigh(orasighofsatisfaction);
sleptasoundsleep(orthesleepofthejust).Itsmelledastrangesmell.He
smiledasadsmile;talkedfoot-balltalk;thoughtallgoodthought.
1359有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形:
Itblewabriskgale.Hedancedaphantomballet;didagreatdeed;
foughtabravewar(orfight,battle,action);wentalongway(oradangerous
journey);harvestedagoodcrop;livedahand-to-mouthexistence;
playedasillygame;played(oracted)agreatpart;plodawearyway;
prayedanearnestprayer;sawastrangesight;ranalongrace.Thebell
rangamerrypeal.Hesangabeautifulsong;struckadeadlyblow.
1360有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略,代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的
名词:
Hebeamedsatisfaction(=beamedabeamofsatisfaction,showed
satisfactionbybeaming);bowedhisobedience(orhisthanks)(=showed
hisobedienceorthanksbybowing);dancedhisjoy(=dancedhisdance
ofjoy,showedhisjoybydancing);gesticulatedhislove;giggled
agreement;laugheddisnt;lookinquiry(orhisthanks);noddedhisasnt
(orwelcome);roaredapproval;shoutedapplau;sigheddisappointment;
smiledhiswelcome(orhisrelief,hisapproval,histhanks);whistled
hiscontempt,wepttearsofjoy.
1361有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略:
Thefireblazeditsbrightest(blaze).Hebreathedhislast(breath);
didhisbest(deed);foughthisbravest(war);laughedhisloudest;
lookedhisbest;ranhisfastest;shoutedhisloudest;sanghissweetest;
triedhishardest.
1362在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语,表现
一定的情绪:
Hebraved(orbrazened)itout(=facedtroublebravely[or
shamelessly]).We'llfaceitoutandfightitout.Asitwasgetting
dark,Ihadtohotel(orinn)it.Shequeenedit(=domineer)overthem.He
udtoroughit(=liveanuncomfortablelife).I'llgoitalone(=act
independently).He'sstarringitinafilm.Asthere'snocab,I'veto
trudge(orwalk,foot)it.
1363图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
7.S+TV.AP+NorG(Johngaveuphisplan.)
1364无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语,整个成语相当于一
个及物动词。但这些地点副词(AdvorbofPloce)多不表示地点,而表示其他
东西,因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词(AdverbialParticle),可以用
AP来代表:
Hegaveuphisplan.Ihavetothinkoutnewmethods.
Shefoldeduphiscoat.Wemaypassoverthedetails.
Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople.Hehastakenoverabusiness.He
gaveinthepaper.Hecloddownthestore.
Thebellbellowed(orpealed)forththeanniversary(orthevictory
ofourarmy).
有些“动词+地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词,如1340节中句
子表示的那样,有些则用作及物动词:
Anammunitiondumpblewup(=exploded).(作不及物动词)
Theenemyblewup(=destroyedbyexplosion)thebridge.(作及物动
词)
ThenoisychildrenclearedoffwhenIcame.(作不及物动词)
Ihavetoclearoffthonoisychildren.(作及物动词)
Ourconversationbrokeoffasaladycamein.(作不及物动词)
Thatfellowbrokeoffourconversation.(作及物动词)
Heshowedoffbeforegirls.(作不及物动词)
Heshowedoffhisnewcar.(作及物动词)
如果宾语较短,特别是由人称代词表示时,地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语
后面,在对副词加以强调时尤其如此(可参阅1497节):
Putthemoneyby.Shecalledhimback.Don'tbreakitoff.Hedreamed
hishoursaway;slepttheclockaround;criedhisheartout;laughed
(ortalked)themdown.Heateitup;cloditup;packeditup;tied
itup.Hentmeaway,sawheroff,calledmeout,drewusaside.
1365其它例子:
a.Theybackedup(=supported)Johnsonandhispolicy.Theybailed
outtheirfriend.Theybeatbackourattack.Imustbeatup(=beatverely)
thomischievouschildren.Iblewout(=extinguished)thecandles.We
bolsteredup(=supported)thisoldsystem.Ibookeddown(=wrotedown)
thesum.Webookedup(=fixedanengagementwith)veralsingers.They
bossusabout(=orderusabout).Thenewsbowledover(=overwhelmed)
myfamily.Webrokeup(=disperd)themeetingat11∶00p.m..Themistake
broughtabout(=caud)alotoftrouble.Canyoubringdowntheprice?
Thetaxbroughtintenmilliondollarsayear.Theexamplesbringout
(=explainclearly)themeaningofthisword.Shebrushedoff(=jilted)
herlover.Wemustbuildupourownarmedforces.Hewillbuyoff(=pay
moneytogetridof)myinterest.
b.Thisstrongmeasurecalledforth(=provoked)arevolt.Wecalled
inadoctor.Wehavetocalloff(=cancel)thepicnic,whichwehaveprepared
forsomanydays.Call(=Wake)meupat6a.m..I'llcallyouup
(=telephonetoyou).Themusiccarriedoff(=moved)everyone.Hecarried
off(=won)alltheprizes.Let'scarryon(=continue)thework,Wecarried
out(=performed)theplan.
c.Hecandigup(=discover)someimportantinformation.Hedrewon
(=pulledon)hissocksaftergettingup.Idrewup(=prepared)abill
(oralist).Thetaxidroppedmeoff(=letmegetoff)atmyhotel.The
noidrownedout(=madeinaudible)ourconversation.
d.Themotherfedup(=gaveextrafoodto)hersicklyson.Wefilled
in(orout,up)theform.Hefencedoff(=builtbymeansofafence)a
garden.Figureout(=count)thesum.Hefiredoffmanyquestions,which
nobodycouldanswer.Theyfittedouttheirsonwitheverything
necessary.Wefittedup(=installed)themachine.Wefixedup(=arranged)
atrip.Heflaggeddown(=stoppedbywavingtoit)apassingcar.Follow
up(=Continue)yoursuccesswithsomethingmoreambitious.
e.Hegambledawayhislastcent,evenallhehadwonbe-fore.Hewill
getover(=finish)hisjob.Hegaveaway(=gavefreeofcharge)his
property.Hegaveaway(=betrayed)hisfriends.Wegavein(=handedin)
theexercibooks.Thefoodgaveoff(=emitted)abadsmell.Hegulped
downhiscoffee.Heatup(=re-heat)theleftovers.Hehelpedmeout
(=helpmegetoveradifficulty).Sheheldback(=keptback)hertears.Can
weholddown(=keepdown)costs?Wecouldnotholdoff(=keepatadistance)
theattackers.
f.Theenemykeptup(=maintained)theattackforthreemonths.I
knockedoff(=ateupquickly)fivebowlsofrice.Ilaidaside(orby)
(=savedforfutureneeds)somedollars.Ilaiddown(=stateclearly)
somerulesfortheoffice.Ourcompanylaidoff(=dismisd)five
workers.Leaveoff(=stop)fighting.Heleftout(=didn'tinclude)Mary
intheinvitation.Don'tletdown(=disappoint)yourparents.Thedriver
letoff(=dropped)aladyatthehotel.Thejudgelethimoff(=didnot
punishhim).Iwilllookyouup(=visityou)tomorrow.Themanagerlooked
theapplicantupanddown(=examinehimcarefully).Agirlwillliven
up(=makelively)ourparty.Helivedouthisyears(ordays,life)
(=livedallhislife)inthissmallvillage.Hewillmakeout(=write
out)acheque.Myfathercan'tmakeout(=e)thesmallletters,
forheisfarsighted.
Hemakesup(=invents)allkindsoflies.Thebossmarkeddown(=reduced
thepriceof)allarticles.Hemesdup(=putindisorder)mydesk.I
nailedup(=clodupwithnails)thewindow.
g.Hepackedoff(=ntawayhurriedly)allhischildrentothe
country.Partitionoff(=Dividewithpartition)yourlivingroom.Pass
on(=Hand)thisnoticetootherpeople.Wepasdover(orup)(=overlooked)
thechance.I'vepaidoff(=paidthewagesof)theworkers.Ihaveto
payoff(=payforsafety)theblackmailers.Iwillpickout(=lect)
thebestnecktieforyou.Hepickedup(=found)acabatthecross-roads.He
pickedhimlfup(=gotupafterafall).Hepickedup(=learnedwithout
teachers)Englishsoquickly.Ipinnedhimdown(=gothimtocommithimlf)
astothequestionofsocialism.
h.Iplayedbacktherecording,sothatwhathasbeenrecordedabout
herspeechcouldbeheard.Heplayeddown(=madelesmphatic)thedefects
ofhisfactoryproducts.Plugin(=Makeconnection,bymeansofaplug,
with)theradio.Hecanpolishoff(=finishoff)allthegrapes.He
pulledon(=puton)hispantsandthenwentout.Ipulledup(=stopped)
mycaratthepostoffice.Hisbrotherpusheshimabout(oraround)(=orders
himabout).Iputaside(orby)(=saved)afewthousandpounds.After
fivehoursofwork,Iputaway(=re-placed)thetools.Putforwardyour
viewpoint.Iputin(=spent)fivehoursrepairingthisradio-t.He
putin(=submitted)anapplicationmonthsago.Wehavetoputoff
(=postpone)thetripuntilnextmonth.InsteadoflosingweightIput
onsomeweightlately.Weputon(=prented)ashow.
i.I'llringyouup(=telephonetoyou).Theyroaredouta21-gun
salute.Rollupthesleepingbagbeforeweleave.Weropedoff(=enclod
witharope)aspacefordancing.Roundup(ordown)theprice(=Bring
ittoawholenumberbyraising[orlowering]it).
j.Wesaveupsomemoneyforfutureneeds.Iwille(=ac-company)
youback(orhome).Shentaway(=dismisd)allhersuitors.Sendin
(=Submit)yourphotosforthecontest.Hentoutinvitationstohis
wedding.Hisdeparturewastbacktwoweeks.Thisdiscontenttoff
(=caud)arevolt.Wetout(=arranged)thegoodsforsale.Wet
up(=establish)asmallstoreonthethirdfloor.Canheshakeoff(=get
ridof)hisbadhabit?Sheshowedoff(=displayedtoimpresspeople)
herhands.Heshuthimlfaway(=confinedhimlf)inhisattic.
k.Hesignedaway(=soldbysigninglegalpapers)allhishous.He
signedhishouovertome.Let'ssizeup(=makeajudgementof)the
situation.Thissmallaccidentsparkedoff(=touchedoff)histemper.He
sortedout(=arrangedinclass)allthebookshehadcollected.Switch
off(=Turnoff)thetaperecorder.Sumup(=Statebriefly)youropinion.
l.Takedown(=Writedown)myspeech,plea.Iwilltakeoverthe
businesshedecidestogiveup.Itookup(=gotinterestedin)painting
lastyear.Thisbedtakesup(=occupy)toomuchspace.Youcantakeup
(=mentionanddiscuss)thematterwiththeboss.Icantalkround
(=persuade)anybodywhorefustocooperate.Ihavetoteardown(=take
topieces)thebrokenmachine.Hewilltearup(=teartopieces)thecontract
whenitisnomoreufultohim.Hetoldoff(=reproached)himployees.He
canthinkup(=devi)allkindsoflies.Hethrewon(=puton)hisgown.
1366在上面所有例句中,及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语,但有
些也可用动名词作宾语:
Hekeptonaskingme.Heputoffgoingtothedoctor.
HeleftoffstudyingFrench.Hegaveover(orgaveup)smoking.
1367注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词,把及物动词看作不及物动
词,换言之,不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。
1368图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
这个符号表示,上方所有的词(动名词短语)应看作是一个词类(名词),
尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词,以me作宾语,而me和kept
on没有直接关系。
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
8.S+IV.P+NorG或S+IV.P.N(Johnlaughedatme.)
1369无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语,整个成语起及物动词
的作用,可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语:
a.Youmustabideby(=keep)yourpromis.Theriveraboundswith
(=hasmany)fish.Iagreedtohisview.Weaimatsuccessinthe
examination.Thisansweramountstorefusal.Imustapologizeformy
fault.Iaskfor(=demand)nothingluxurious.Hedependeduponmefor
advice.Hedreamedofhisgrandfather.Hegotintopolitics.Don'tgamble
onit.Heimpodon(=deceived)her.Helaughedat(=derided)me.She
looksafterherchild.Helookedinto(=examined)thematter.Hentfor
(=summoned)them.Ithoughtof(=considered)thismatter.Don'ttrifle
with(=mock)her.
b.Heabstainedfromdrinking.Hisreplyamountstorefusingher
demand.WebeganwithlearningABC.Happinessconsistsinbeingeasily
plead.Mysuccessdependsonmyfriendhelpingme.Hediedfromdrinking
toomuch.Ifeltlikebeatinghim.Hegottodrinking.Hegoesabout
(=isbusy)repairingacar.Heheardofhisbrotherhavingsucceeded.We
looktomovingtoamorepeacefulcountry.Heobjectedtobeingtreated
likeadog,aslave.Hetooktoreadingnovels.Thepapertellsofthe
enemyhavingcapturedthcity(=Thepapersaysthattheenemyhascaptured
thecity).Hethoughtofgoingabroad.Hewonderedatbeingpraidfor
doingnothing.
1370无数不及物动词不仅和介词,还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以
看作是不及物动词,因为它们后面既不跟宾语,也不跟补语。
a.这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词:
Theyburstintolaughter(=suddenlylaughed).Asteamercameinto
sight(=appeared).Whendidthisworldcomeintoexistence(=comeout)?
Thenewlawcomesintoforce(=functions)nextSeptember.Mysoncame
ofagelastyear.Hecametogrief(=sufferedmisfortune).Yourletter
hascometohand(=arrived).Hecriedoverspiltmilk.Everythingended
insmoke.Hefellintopoverty.Thelawhasfallenintoabeyance(=been
nolongerobrved).Manyslangwordshavefallenoutofu(=been
nolongerud).Theygotintotrouble.Wegotintohotwater(=became
involvedindifficulty)becauofjealousy.Iwentonsickleave.Hehas
gonethroughfireandwater(=undergonethegreatestperils)Theygoto
law(=appealtocourt).Theschoolwenttogreatexpen(=spentvery
much).Iwillgotoa(=beasailor).Hewillgotorackandruin
(=perish).Robberslayinwaitforus.Welivefromhandtomouth(=can
savenothing).Theshipputtoa(=beganavoyage)thismorning.Don't
standonceremony(=beformal).
b.有些名词为复数形式:
Sheburstintotears(=suddenlycried).Thebuildingburstintoflames
(=suddenlyburned).Hefishedintroubledwaters(=lookedforpersonal
advantageintimesofnationalcalamity).Thefencefellintopieces.They
foughtagainstodds(=foughtwithmenmuchmorethanthey).Weshould
keepwithinbounds(=actwithpropriety).Theyplayedatcrosspurpos
(=oppodeachother).Theyplayedintothehandsofanother(=acted
soastogivesomeadvantagetoanother).Don'tplaywithedgedtools
(=playwiththingsdangerous).Wetooktotheboats(=udthelifeboats
toescape).
c.有些名词前加“a”:
Wecametoaconclusion.Hisplancametoabadend(ornogood)
(=failed).Businesshascometoastandstill(=stopped).Thetwocame
toanunderstanding(=begantounderstandeachother).Wewillgofor
adrive(=goinacarforrelaxation).Yourargumentgoes(orflies)
offatatangent(=changedsuddenlyinitsdirection).Hislifehungby
athread(=dependeddangerouslyonsomethingsmall).Provideagainsta
rainyday(=Prepareforanyemergencythatmayari).
d.有些名词加“the”:
Thetwoplanscometothesamething(givethesameresult).He
erredonthesafeside(=choacourerroneousbutsafe).Hisworks
havefallenintotheshade(=ceadtoattractattention).Theyfought
tothebitterend(ortothedeath).HegoesbythenameofJoo(=is
familiarlycalledJoo).Hewillgotothebad(=sinkintopovertyand
disgrace).Thesituationisgoingtothebad(=isbecomingwor).The
weakwillgotothewall(=bepushedasideashelpless).Heneednotgo
tothetroubleofemployingatutor(=troublehimlftoemployone).Don't
harponthesamestring(=keepsayingthesamething).Keepintheshade.He
rototheoccasion(=showedthathewaqualtoit).
e.有些名词前需加物主代词:
Cometoyourns(=Stopbehavinglikeamadman).Hefellonhis
knees(=kneltdown).Povertyfelltohislot(=becamehisdestiny).He
isgoingabouthiswork(=doingit).Sheliesatyourmercy(=issubject
toyourcontrol).Theoldwidowlivesonherown(=liveswithouthelp
fromothers).Donotquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter(=doanything
harmfultoyourlivelihood).Itrisfromitsasheslikeaphoenix
(=liveagain).Herotohisfeet(=stoodup).Thechanceslippedthrough
myfingers(=escaped).Myworkwillspeakforitlf(=bevisibleto
all).Hestoodonhisdignity(=insistedonbeingtreat-edwithproper
respect).Hestoodtohisguns(=defendedhisrights).Youtreadonhis
toes(=offendhim).Heworkedonmyfears(=caudmetodosomething
forhim,bytakingadvantageofmyfears).
1371不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型:
HecameonSunday.(S+IV)
Thechildrenareplayingbythetree.
1372图解:
{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!}
9.S+IV.AP.P+NorG(Johnlookeddownonme.)
1373无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作
一个及物动词,因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语:
a.Thelossaddedupto(=amountedto)amilliondollars.Hebows
downto(=flatters)nobody.Hebrokeawayfrom(=cuthistieswith)all
hisfriends.Carryonwith(=continue)yourwork.Leecashedinon
(=madeaprofitfrom)tea.Wedon'treallycatchonto(=under-stand)
thiscustom.Ican'tcatchupwith(=overtake)theclassthisyear.Ichecked
outofthehoteltwodaysafterIcheckedin(=signedtheregisteron
arriving).Thepolicecheckedupon(=investigated)thesuspect.Hecame
aroundto(=agreed,afterdisagreeing,to)myviews.Theteachercame
downon(=reprimand)him.Icamedownwith(=caught)aflu.Icamenear
todeath(=almostdied).Noresultcameoutofthetest.Hecameoutwith
aquestion.Lastyearnoplayscameupto(=equalled)thestandard.My
friendcameupwithagoodidea.Weallcriedoutagainst(=oppod)
favoritism.Mostimportant,youmustcutdownon(=reduceconsumptionof)
sugar.Hecutinwith(=inrt)aterriblysaucyremarkwhilewewere
discussing.
b.Thiscustomdates(=orgoes)backtotheearlyeighteenthcentury.We
shoulddoawaywith(=getridof)allsocialevils.Everyonedoeswell
withhim(=treatshimwell).Hedroppedinon(=madeanunplannedvisit
to)myfamily.Hedroppedofftosleep(=fellasleep).Hedroppedout
of(=quit)highschool.Heendedupas(=finallybe-came)amanager.He
endedupwithnotacentinhispocket.Ihavetofaceupto(=bravely
accept)thesituation.Wehavetofallbackupon(=dependupon)hissup
-port.Hefelloutwith(=quarrelledwith)allhisfriends.Ifeelup
to(=feelcapableofundertaking)thisjob.Hewillfindoutabout(=get
factsabout)thismatter.Hedidn'tfitinwith(=liveinharmonywith)
thoforeigners.HowcanIgetawayfrom(=avoid)hernagging?Howare
yougettingon(oralong)with(=livingtogetherwith)yourbride?Icannot
getoutof(=avoid)thistrouble.Haveyougotthroughwith(=finish)
thatjob?Don'tgiveinto(=yieldto)yourimpul.Hegoesalongwith
(=agreeswith)ourparty.Hegoes(orplays)aroundwith(=foolsaround
with)allkindsofgirls.Hewentinfor(=gotinterestedin)stamp
collecting.Hewillgoontocollege.Thisstorewillsoongooutofbusiness
(=endabusiness).Thissweaterhasgoneoutoffashion(=isnomore
fashionable).HeoftengoesoutwiththatprettyJapanegirl.Sheheld
onto(=keptgrasping)hisarm.
c.Shekeepsawayfrom(=avoids)him.Weshouldkeepinwith(=keep
friendlywith)ourneighbors.Icannotkeepupwith(=overtake)my
classmates.Thissmalleventledupto(=preparedthewayfor)his
death.Liveupto(=Actaccordingto)yourpromi.Ioftenlookbackon
(=recollect)theolddays.Helookedbackover(=reviewed)hisrecord.Don't
lookdownon(=despi)smallpeople.Wearelookingforwardto
(=anticipatingwithpleasure)yourvisit.Lookoutfor(=Watchoutfor)
thecar.Hecannotmakeupfor(=compensate)thelossIhavesuffered.He
madeoffwith(=stoleandhurriedawaywith)allmymoney.Doeshisschool
workmeasureupto(=comeupto)hishopes?LastyearImetupwith
(=metbychance)Jane,whoIhadn'tenfortenyears.Thechildmesd
aboutwith(=madeamessof)mydesk.
d.Heplayedupto(=triedtoplea)her.Ihadtoputupwith(=bear)
theterriblenoiveryday.Imustttleupwith(=getevenwith)
themanwhohasinsultedme.Manysignedupfor(=joinedin)thecontest.The
guestssatdowntodinnerateight.Ican'tsitdownwith(=sufferwithout
complaint)thatinsult.Weshouldspeakupfor(=speakinaloudvoice
for)justice.Thispolicemanstoodinwith(=wasincretleaguewith)
thogangsters.Whydon'twestandoutagainst(=oppo)thivil
practice?Weshouldstandupfor(=support)thisgoodpolicy.Ialways
thinkbackto(=recall)mychildhood.Thinktwiceaboutitbeforeyou
act.Tuneintoanotherradiostation.Weshouldwakeupto(=realize)
theriousnessofoursituation.Theywaitupforme(=Theystayawake
untilIcomehome).Hewalkedawaywith(=easilywon)theelection.He
walkedoffwith(=tookaway)myumbrella.Wewalkedoutofthemeeting
asanexpressionofprotest.Iwantoutof(=wanttobefreedfrom)her
nagging.Iwarmedupto(=becamefriendlywith)myneighbors.Weshould
wiupto(Am.)(=finallyunder-stand)whatisgoingon.Ican'twork
togetherwithhim.
e.Hegotoutof(=avoided)smoking.Wemovedontogettingmarried.We
stoodupforprohibitingnarcotics.Ineverturnasidefrom(=avoid)
doinganythinggood.Hewentnearto(=narrowlyescaped)beingkilled.
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