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土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译-英语论文
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
Buildingdrainageofwater-savingtechniques
Withpeople'squalityoflife,thequalityandquantityofwaterareconstantly
entsustainablewateruandprotectionofwaterresourcesfrom
esstohealthywater,recyclingofwater,hasbecomethe
sgaveto
theconstructionofdrainageworksonthedesignofthemanynewrequirements,water
perwill
exploremoreofthebuildingfordrainageofwater-savingtechnology;wehopeto
aroutheawarenessofwaterconrvationtobuildwater-savingcityefforts.
Constructionofawater-savingproject,inadditiontothewatersavingshould
formulatelawsandregulationstostrengthenthemanagementandday-to-day
publicityandeducationupriceleveragetopromotewaterconrvationwork,but
alsotakeeffectivemeasures,toensurethattheconstructionofwater-savingwork
ware
thatthewatersupplynetwork'scoverage,theextensionoftransmissionmainsandthe
constructionofthebuildingbecauarisingfromthedifferenceinheight,willbeud
toincreathewaterpressurebeforetheendofwaystoprotectthemost
disadvantagedwaterpointswillbeadequatewatersupply,Thiswillbealargenumber
oreaccessoriesbeforethe
waterhydrostaticheadgreaterthanoutflow,theflowwasgreaterthantheratedflow
theratedflowcapacityofthatpartofthenormalflowdidnothave
ultofthiswaterisbeingwastedisnot
easytodetectandunderstand,itcouldbecalleda"stealth"wastingwater.
Ithasbeeninadifferenttypeoffloor,thebuilding67waterdistributionpointssothe
overpressurefromthemeasuredflowanalysis,Statisticalresultsare55%oftheiron
spiralmovements-taps(hereinafterreferredtoas"ordinarywater")and61%ofthe
ceramicvalve-leadingtheflowofwater-savingmorethantheirratedflow,thesuper-
ingsthelargestflowoutoftheratedflow
capacityofaboutthreetimes[1].Thisshowsthatinourexistingbuildings,water
supplysystemoverpressureout-flowphenomenoniswidespreadanditisafairly
ributionpointpressure
Asoverpressureflowoutofthe"invisible"waterisnotwastedpaidenoughattention
to,Soinourexisting"buildingwatersupplyanddrainagedesign"and"construction
watersupplyanddrainagedesignGBJ15-2000draft"(hereinafterreferredtoas"draft
"),althoughthewateraccessoriesandhomesupportthegreatestpressurecertain
restrictiveprovisionsin[2],butthisisonlytopreventwaterfromthehighpressure
partswillleadtodamagetothepointofconsideration,notpreventexcesspressure
fromtheout-flowpointofview,thepressureistoolenientrestrictionsontheflow
ore,inaccordancewiththewatersupply
systemoverpressureflowfromtheactualsituation,thepressureonthewatersupply
systemtomakereasonablelimit.
1.2measurestakendecompression
Watersupplysysteminareasonableallocationofdecompressiondeviceistocontrol
pressurewithinthelimitsrequiredtoreduceexcesspressurefromtheflowof
technicalsupport.
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1.2.1Janglednerves
Reliefvalveisagooddecompressiondevice,canbedividedintoproportional(lower
left)ofdirectactionandthetype(Photo)Theformerisbadontheratioofthearea
todeterminetheproportionofdecompression,whichcanbetunderpressureprior
decompression,Whenthewater-stopwater,youcanalsobecontrollingthevacuum
tubepressureisnotincread,Decompressioncanachievedynamiccanachievestatic
decompression.
1.2.2DecompressionorificeandconrvingCypriots1106
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
Orificedecompressioncomparedwithjanglednervexample,thesystemis
relativelysimple,lessinvestment,cticeofsomeunits,
water-savingeffectsarefairlyobvious,IfShanghaiJiaotongUniversityintheschool
bathroomwaterpipeinstallationapertureof5mmorifice,water-savingabout43%.
Butdecompressionorificeonlybythedynamicpressure,staticpressurecanbe
reducedandthepressuredownstreamwiththeupstreampressureandtheflowis
changed,tion,er
waterqualityandwaterpressuremorestable,byusing[3].Cuttingexpenditureand
theroleofCypriotadvantagesanddecompressionorificebasicallyarethesame.
Suitableforthesmalldiameterandaccessoriesinstalledtou[3].
1.3adoptwater-savingleading
AtrialshowedthattheleadingPracticalwater-savingtapsandthegeneralstateof
thefull,thesame
pressure,theleadingwaterconrvationhasgoodwatersaving,water-savingvolume
in20%~30%higherthepressureordinarytapwaterfromthe
larger,ore,
shouldthebuilding(especiallyinthestandardwaterpressureinwaterdistribution
points)leadinginstallationofwater-saving,1999the
MinistryofConstruction,StateEconomicandTradeCommission,StateBureauof
Buildingmaterialsapparatusjointlyissuedadocument"ontheeliminationof
residentialbuildingsbehindtheproductsnotified"requirelargeandmedium-sized
citiesinnewresidentialprohibittheuofhelical-stylecastironnozzlemovements,
activelyadopt"ceramiccartridgefaucets"and"commonfaucettechnicalconditions
oftheceramiccartridgefaucets[4].Sincethemainbuildingofourschoolbuilding
e
oftenenleadinglooningandtighteningtheleadingdifficultycaudbythe
,thereissuchafaucetoverpressurecaudbythe
"invisible"sshouldaroutheconcernoftherelevant
departments,fromthelong-terminterestsfortheuofwater-savingnewleader,
reduceunnecessaryloss.
2vigorouslydeveloptheconstructionofwaterfacilities,"watercour."Asthename
suggestsisnotdeliveredonthewaterwayscleanwaterisnotsulliedbywage
ntsputawash,bathing,washingclothesandotherwater
washingandflushingwatertogether,afterCO.,filtrationanddisinfection,
Sterilization,whichimportedwaterwaynetwork,fortoiletflushing,washingcars,and
pouringgreen,herefore
atercourwhich
cubicmetersofwater,equivalenttotheuofonecubicmetersofcleanwater,emit
-saving
achievednearly50%[3].Therefore,thechannelhasmanyoftheworld'swater
shortageincitiesudextensively.
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2.1fulluwashingwastewaterandotherqualitymiscellaneousdrainage
Theexistingwaterfacilitiesbuiltinmosthotels,colleges,andthebasicsourceforthe
esmallunits,smallerthanbathingwastewater,
anddischargetimeistooconcentrated,Waterfacilitiesarenotstableandadequate
hingwithwaterwastewater,theuoftimemoreevenly,
watertreatmentandtheadvantagesofrelativelygood,asawatersource,tobefully
exploited.
2.2Developandimplementassoonaspossiblethereturntothenewwaterquality
standards
Thecurrentconstructionofwaterreudimplementationoftheexisting“life
miscellaneouswaterqualitystandards.”Thetotalcoliformstandardsandthe
requirementsof"sanitarystandardfordrinkingwater,"thesame,comparedtothe
developedcountriesandtheChinewaterstandardsapplytotheswim-minusIIIalso
sledtotwoproblems:First,manyoftheexistingwaterworks
islessthanthestandard;2arefulfilledwithacertaindegreeofdifficulty,improvethe
lddevelopappropriate
indicatorsofthevalueofwaterworkstopromotethespread
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
avingwaterisnotlimiting,
reasonablepeopletowater,aswepay
attentiontofitthefamily'sbadhabits,wewillbeabletowater-savingaround70%[3].
Waterandwastealotofthehabits,suchas:flushtoiletssinglewashcigarettebutts
andbrokenfinewaste;oplewillnotventing
water;spendthepotatoes,carrotsafterpeeling,washingoraftertheoptional
vegetables;whenthewaterstopped(openaccesscustomers,answerthephone,
changeTVchannels),notturningoffthetap;Duringthesuspension,forgetturning
offthetap;toilets,wash,brush,letthewaterhasbeenflowing;Beforesleep,goout,
donotcheckthefaucet;equipmentleaks,efollowing
table,wecaneinmanypartsoflifeaslongasweinterestedtonotethatthe
conrvationofwaterisveryimpressive.
3topromotetheuofwater-savingdevices
Inadditiontothefamilyofwater-savingattentiontocultivategoodhabitsofwater,
ople
preferlaisz-faire,butalsorefudtoreplacewater-savingdevices,infact,somuch
gorouslypromotetheuof
water-savingdevicesistheconstructionofwater-savingimportantwaysandmeans.
3.1Water-savingtaps
3.1.1WaterSavingleadingCeramics
pscomparedwith
ordinarytaps,waterwastypicallyupto20%~30%;andothertypesofwater-saving
comparedtotheleadingandcheap[3].Therefore,intheresidentialbuildingsof
htthe
fifthfloorofthedormitorybuildingandareudbysuchleading.
3.1.2Clodsincedelaytaps
Sincethedelayinthewatertapsclodafteracertaintime,shutdownautomatically
imingtobeinacertainrangeadjustment,
bothfortheconvenienceofHealthhascompliedwiththewater-savingrequirements
suitableforwashinginpublicplaceswith.
3.1.3Photoelectriccontrolledtaps
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Clodsincethedelayofwater-savingtapsbutwaterwhilefixedtimeandmeetthe
lectriccontrolledtapswillbe
abletoovercometheabovedrawbacks,suchasthelatestoneofthetypeofinfrared
devicecontrolwash,Thefirstinstallationwillbelf-inspectionofthedeviceinfront
oforbelowthefixedreflectors(forexample,vanity)andbadonthereflectors
adjusttheirdistancefromworktoavoidthepastbecauofautomaticwaterobstacles
clortothefrontofregularwater,Suchintelligentdevicecanwashyourhands
imewill
washwateranddonothavelong-termcanalsoregularlyflushWaterSealfailureto
avoidasupplyshortageaheadofthepolice[3].
3.2Thetotalwater-savingflush
3.2.1Uofsmallvolumecisternscommode
Chinaispromotingtheuofwatertanks6Lfecalwater-savingdevices,andhave
flushingwaterto4.5Lorevenless,r,weshould
alsopayattentiontothedrainagesystemtoensurethenormalworkoftheuof
smallvolumecisternscommode,otherwitheywillbebroughttoplugthepipeline,
notanetwash,pectivelyflushingcisternsinurine,flushing
waterfor4L(orless);Washingstool,Chongstoodat9L(orless)[3].(Mapisatwo-
valveI-Yuanannuallytothewatertanks,toopenthestoolbelowthedrainurinewhen
openedabovethedrainPicturedleftisthetwo-blockcisternsswitchveralforms)
Israel'sconstructionregulationsrequireallnewbuildingstoinstalltworespectively
houldalsovigorouslypromotedtworespectivelycisterns,
becauoneday,e
homesasanexample,perpersonperdayforameetingoffeces,urinefourtimesand
theuofexistingwatertanksL9,dayto135Lofwater;6Lofwateru,90Lof
wateraday;
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
andtheuofcisternstworespectively,75Lofwateraday,canbeenusingtwo
respectivelycisterns9L6Lthanusingmorewater-savingcisterns[3].6LYuan
oftanksintwo
trancesanotheradvantageisnotrightandthereplacementofthetotaldrainagesystem
tocarryoutreformthereforeparticularlyapplicabletoexistingbuildingsthetotal
replacementofwatertanks.
Urinal
TheUnitedStateslaunchedtheUrinal-washing,whichisnotwater,thestenchfrom
thetoiletswithoutusingutensils,Infact,onlyinoneendUrinaladdspecial"trap"
devices,butbecautheeconomic,health,watereffectively,Sopopularstation.
controlUrinal
Urinalphotoelectriccontrolsinanumberofpublicbuildingsinstallations.
3.2.4Delayedflushingvalveclod
Itistheuofguide-workprinciple,waterofficialsdirectlyconnectedwiththewater
pressurehighenoughcircumstances,canprotecttheinstantaneousflushingcommode
needstoreplacetanksandaccessories,installationissimpleandeasytou,health,
lowprices,Water-savingeffectoftheobviouscharacteristics[3].Wecarpentrycenter
isudforsuchcleaning.
3.3inhotwatersystemsinstalledinvariousformsofwater-savingdevices
Ifinstalledinpublicbathroomslimitedfloworifice,inthecold,hotwaterimported
pressurebalancebetweentheinstallationofequipment;Installationoflow-flow
ablehotwaterthermostatandcooling,hotwatermixedhydrants.
3.4tofurtherdevelopvariousformsofwater-savingdevices
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3.4.1Developmentofdifferentwatertapsout
Somecountries,indifferentplaceswithdifferentwateroutoftaps,Singapore
provideswaterforwashingvegetablespots6L/min,showerwater9L/min;China's
TaiwanProvincelaunchedthespray-washspecialtaps,theflowwas1L/
China,varioustapsmostoftheratedflowcapacityof0.2L/s,thatis12L/min,
excessive[4].Thereforebereasonabletodeveloptapstheratedflow,andgradually
installedindifferentplacesdifferentfromwatertaps.
3.4.2Vacuumwater-savingtechniques
Toensurethatsanitarywareandwercleaningeffectofvacuumtechnologycanbe
appliedtodrainageworksMostoftheairinsteadofusingwater,relyingonthe
vacuumofhigh-speedgas-watermixture,andrapiddisposalofthewage,dirt-gully
etevacuum
drainagesystem,including:vacuumvalveandwithamagnitudeofsuctiondevices
occupants,theclodaqueduct,pumps,
erwiththevacuumgenerated40~
5minthenegativepressureofwagepumpedtothecollectioncontainers,thenwill
enttypesof
constructionintheuofvacuumtechnology,theaveragewater-savingexceed40%.
Theuoftheofficebuildingwater-savingwillrate-70%[2].
3.4.3Developmentzoneleadingtothewashwater
InJapan,manyfamiliesuwiththeleadingwaterwash,washallthewastewaterinto
atertank,theycandirectlyturnonthewater
tionwateru,itcannotonlysavewaterbutalsoreducethecosts.
Atprent,thewaterinChinahassales.
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
随着人民生活质量的提高,对供水量和质的要求正不断扩展.同时实施水的可持
续利用和保护,使水资源不受破坏,并能进入良性的水质、水量再生循环,也已
成为政府和广大人民群众关注的焦点。这一切都给建筑给排水工程的设计提出
了许多新的要求,供水技术先进化的步伐急待加快。本文便较为系统的探讨了建
筑给排水中的节水技术,希望能唤起大家的节水意识,为建设节水型城市而努
力。
建筑节水是一个系统工程,除应制订有关节水的法律法规、加强日常管理和宣
传教育、利用价格杠杆促进节水工作外,还应采取有效的技术措施,以保证建筑
节水工作全面深入的开展。
我们知道由于给水管网范围的扩大,输送水管的延长以及因为楼房的兴建而
产生的高度差异,都会采用提高给水始端压力的方法,保障最不利供水点能够得
到充足的给水,这样就会有大量的供水区域是高压给水的。因此给水配件前的静
水压大于流出水头,其流量就大于额定流量。超出额定流量的那部分流量未产生
正常的使用效益,是浪费的水量。由于这种水量浪费不易被人们察觉和认识,因
此可称之为"隐形"水量浪费。
有人曾在一幢楼不同类型建筑的67个配水点做了超压出流实测分析,结果统计
有55%的螺旋升降式铸铁水龙头(以下简称"普通水龙头")和61%的陶瓷阀芯节
水龙头的流量大于各自的额定流量,处于超压出流状态。两种龙头的最大出流量
约为额定流量的3倍[1]。由此可见,在我国现有建筑中,给水系统的超压出流现
象是普遍存在而且是比较严重的。为改变这一状况,应采取以下措施。
1.1合理限定配水点的水压
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由于超压出流造成的"隐形"水量浪费并未引起人们的足够重视,因此在我国现
行的《建筑给水排水设计规范》和"建筑给水排水设计规范GBJ15-2000征求意见
稿"(以下简称"征求意见稿")中虽对给水配件和入户支管的最大压力做出了一定
的限制性规定[2],但这只是从防止给水配件承压过高会导致损坏的角度考虑
的,并未从防止超压出流的角度考虑,因此压力要求过于宽松,对限制超压出流
基本没有作用。所以,应根据建筑给水系统超压出流的实际情况,对给水系统的
压力做出合理限定。
1.2采取减压措施
在给水系统中合理配置减压装置是将水压控制在限值要求内、减少超压出流
的技术保障。
1.2.1减压阀
暖减压阀便是一种很好的减压装置,可分为比例式(左下图)和直接动作型(右
下图),前者是根据面积的比值来确定减压的比例,后者可以根据事先设定的压
力减压,当用水端停止用水时,也可以控制住被减压的管内水压不升高,既能实
现动减压也能实现静减压[3]。
1.2.2减压孔板和节流塞
减压孔板相对于减压阀来说,系统比较简单,投资较少,管理方便。一些单位
的实践表明,节水效果相当明显,如上海交通大学在学校浴室热水管道中加装孔
径为5mm的孔板后,节水约43%。但减压孔板只能减动压,不能减静压,且下游
的压力随上游压力和流而变,不够稳定。另外,减压孔板容易堵塞。可以在水质
较好和供水压力较稳定的情况下采用[3]。节流塞的作用及优缺点与减压孔板基
本相同。适于在小管径及其配件中安装使用[3]。
1.3采用节水龙头
有试验表明,陶瓷阀芯节水龙头和普通水龙头在全开状态下,前者的出流量小
于后者的出流量。即在同一压力下,节水龙头具有较好的节水效果,节水量在
20%~30%之间。且在静压越高,普通水龙头出水量越大的地方,节水龙头的节
水量也越大。因此,应在建筑中(尤其在水压超标的配水点)安装使用节水龙头,
减少水量浪费。1999年建设部,国家经贸委国家技术监督局国家建材局联合发文
《关于在住宅建设中淘汰落后产品的通知》要求在大中城市新建住宅中禁止使用
螺旋升降式铸铁水嘴,积极采用符合《陶瓷片密封水嘴》和《水嘴通用技术条件标
准的陶瓷片密封水嘴[4]。我们学校主楼由于建设较早厕所内的水嘴仍是普通的
螺旋升降式铸铁水龙头。我们经常可以看到龙头松动和龙头难于拧紧而造成的
漏水现象。其实这种水嘴还存在超压造成的"隐形"水量的大量浪费。应引起学校
相关部门的关注,从长远利益出发换用新式的节水龙头,减少不必要的损失。
2大力发展建筑中水设施“中水道”。
顾名思义输送的既不是上水道清洁的自来水,也不是下水道污秽的脏水。把一个
地区居民洗脸、洗澡、洗衣服等洗涤水和冲洗用水集中起来,经过去污、除油、过
滤、消毒、灭菌处理,输入中水道管网,以供冲厕所、洗汽车、浇草坪、洒马路等
非饮用水之用。所以中水道又称为杂用水道。用一立方米中水道的水,等于少用
一立方米清洁水,少排出近一立方米污水,一举两得,达到节水近50%[3]。所以,
中水道已在世界许多缺水城市广泛
土木工程给水排水英文文献及翻译
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2.1充分利用盥洗废水等优质杂排水
现有的中水设施大多建于宾馆、高校,水源基本为浴室洗浴废水。对于一些规模
不大的单位来说,洗浴废水量比较小,且排放时间过于集中,中水设施得不到稳
定充足的水源。而盥洗废水具有水量大、使用时间较均匀、水质和处理效果相对
较好等优点,应作为中水水源,加以充分利用。
2.2尽快制定并实施新的回用水水质标准
目前建筑中水回用执行的是现行的《生活杂用水水质标准》。该标准中总大肠
菌群的要求与《生活饮用水卫生标准》相同,比发达国家的回用水标准及我国适
用于游泳区的Ⅲ类水质标准还严格。这样就导致两个问题:一是许多现有中水工
程根本达不到该标准;二是由于达标具有一定难度,提高了中水工程的投资和处
理成本。所以应尽快制定该指标的适宜限值推动中水工程的推广和普及。节水不
是限制人用水,甚至是不让用水。而是让人合理地用水,高效率地用水,不要浪
费。家庭只要注意改掉不良的习惯,就能节水70%左右[3]。与浪费水有关的习惯
很多,比如:用抽水马桶冲掉烟头和碎细废物;为了接一杯凉水,而白白放掉许多
水;先洗土豆、胡萝卜后削皮,或冲洗之后再择蔬菜;用水时的间断(开门接客人,
接电话,改变电视机频道时),未关水龙头;停水期间,忘记关水龙头;洗手、洗
脸、刷牙时,让水一直流着;睡觉之前、出门之前,不检查水龙头;设备漏水,不及
时修好。从下表我们可以看出在生活中很多地方只要我们有心留意,节约的用水
是十分可观的。
3推广使用节水器具
家庭节水除了注意养成良好的用水习惯以外,采用节水器具很重要,也最有
效。有的人宁可放任自流,也不肯更换节水器具,其实,这么多水费长期下来是
不合算的。因而大力推广使用节水器具是实现建筑节水的重要手段和途径。
3.1节水水龙头
3.1.1陶瓷阀芯节水龙头
目前节水型水龙头大多采用陶瓷阀芯水龙头。这种水龙头与普通水龙头相比,
节水量一般可达20%~30%;与其它类型节水龙头相比,价格较便宜[3]。因此,应
在居民楼等建筑中大力推广使用这种节水龙头。我们教五楼和宿舍楼采用的都
是这种龙头。
3.1.2延时自闭式水龙头
延时自闭式水龙头在出水一定时间后自动关闭,避免长流水现象。出水时间可
在一定范围内调节,既方便卫生又符合节水要求。非常适合公共场所的洗手用。
3.1.3光电控制式水龙头
延时自闭式水龙头虽然节水但出水时间固定后,不易满足不同使用对象的要
求。光电控制式水龙头就可以克服上述缺点,例如最新型的一款红外线自动控制
洗手器,第一次安装时就可以自行检查该器下方或前方的固定反射体(比如洗手
盆)并根据反射体的距离调整自己的工作距离,避免了过去的自动给水器因前方
障碍较近出现的常流水现象,而且这种智能化的洗手器可以做到尽管你的手在
下面没有洗手动作不给水,洗手时间过长也会停水,长期不用还可以定时冲水,
以免水封失灵供电不足了提前报警[3]。
3.2节水冲水便器
3.2.1使用小容积水箱大便器
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目前我国正在推广使用6L水箱节水型大便器,并已有一次冲水量为4.5L甚
至更少水量的大便器问世。但也应注意要在保证排水系统正常工作的情况下使
用小容积水箱大便器,否则会带来管道堵塞、冲洗不净等问题。两档水箱在冲洗
小便时,冲水量为4L(或更少);冲洗大便时,冲水量为9L(或更少)[3]。(上图是
一个双阀口式两档水箱,大便时打开下面的排水口,小便时打开上面的排水口,
左图是两挡式水箱开关的几种形式)以色列的建筑法规中规定所有新建筑必须安
装两档冲洗水箱。我国也应大力推广两档水箱,因为一天之内,人的小便次数远
远高于大便次数。以三口之家为例,若每人每天大便1次、小便4次,使用现有9
L水箱,一天要用水135L;使用6L水箱,一天用水90L;而使用两档水箱,一
天用水75L,可见采用9L两档水箱比采用6L水箱更节水[3]。使用6L两档水
箱节水效果更好。使用两档水箱的另一个优点是不需要更换便器和对排水管道
系统进行改造,因而尤其适用于现有建筑便器水箱的更新换代。
3.2.2免冲洗小便器
美国推出的免冲洗小便器,是一种不用水、无臭味的厕所用器具,其实仅仅是
在小便器一端加个特殊的“存水弯”装置,但是因为经济、卫生,节水有效,所以还
颇受欢迎。
3.2.3光电控制小便器
光电控制小便器已在一些公共建筑中安装使用。
3.2.4延时自闭式冲洗阀
它是利用先导式工作原理,直接与水管相连在给水压力足够高的情况下,可以
保障大便器瞬时冲水的需要,用来代替水箱及配件,安装简洁,使用方便,卫生,
价格较低,节水效果明显的特点[3]。我们木工院使用的便是这种冲洗器。
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