解释英文

Howpeoplemakedecisions:

facetradeoffs

tofsomethingiswhatyoug看透一个人 iveuptogetit

alpeoplethinkatthemargin

respondtoincentives

Howpeopleinteract:

anmakeeveryonebetteroff

sareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity

mentcansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes

HowtheeconomyasAwholeworks:

ry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproducegoods

andrvices

riwhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney

yfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment

Keyconcepts:

Ability-to-payprinciple（税收的）能力支付原则Absoluteadvantage绝对

优势Accountingprofit会计利润Adverlection逆向选择Agent代理人

Aggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线Aggregaterisk总体风险Aggregate-supply

curve总供给曲线Appreciation增值:Arrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可

能定理Averagefixedcost平均固定成本Averageevenue平均收益Averagetaxrate

平均税率Aver水果店取名 agetotalcost平均总成本Averagevariablecost平均可变成本

Automaticstabilizers自动稳定Balancetrade贸易平衡Benefitsprinciple受

益原则Bond债券Budgetconstraint预算约束Budgetdeficit预算赤字Budget

surplus预算盈余:Businesscycle经济周期Capital资产Capitalf九十九道拐 light资本外

逃Cartel卡特尔Catch-upeffect:追赶效应Centralbank央行Circular-flow

diagram循环流向图Clodeconomy封闭经济Collectivebargaining集体谈判

Commoditymoney:商品货币Coatheorem科斯定理:Collusion共谋Common

resources共同资源Comparativeadvantage比较优势Compensatingdifferential

补偿性工资差别Competitivemarket竞争性市场Complements互补性商品Condorcet

paradox孔多塞悖论:thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitive

nding:theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,

say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearn

ntreturnstoscale规模报酬不变

Consumerpriceindex(CPI):消费者价格指数Consumersurplus消费者剩余

Consumption消耗量Cost成本Cost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析Crowdingout

挤出效应Crowding-outeffect财政政策Cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求

的交叉价格弹性Currency货币Cyclicalunemployment周期性失业Deadweight

loss无谓损失Demandcurve需求曲线Demanddeposits活期存款Demandschedule

需求表D冬奥会比赛项目 epreciation折旧Depression:萧条Diminishingmarginalproduct边际

产品递减Discrimination歧视Diconomiesofscale规模不经济Discountrate

折现率Discouragedworkers:individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegiven

ication多样化:thereductionofriskachievedby

replacingasingleriskwithalargenumberofsmallerunrelated

ntstrategy占优策略Economicprofit经济利润Economics经济学

Economiesofscale规模经济Efficiency效率Efficiencywages效率工资

Efficientscale有效规模Elasticity弹性Equilibrium均衡Equilibriumprice

均衡价格Equilibriumquantity均衡产量Equity股权Excludability排他性

Explicitcosts:显性成本Export出口Externality外部Factorsofproduction

生产要素Federalrerve(Fed)美联储:thecentralbankoftheunitedstates。

Fiatmoney法定货币。Finance财政，金融Financialintermediaries金融中介机

构Fin男虎女兔婚姻是否相配 ancialmarkets金融市场Financialsystem金融系统Fishereffect费雪效

应Fractional-rervebanking:abankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlya

onalunemployment:摩擦性失业

Fundamentalanalysis基本面分析:Futurevalue未来价值Fixedcosts固定成本

Freerider搭便车Gametheory博弈论GDPdeflator平减物价指数Government

purchas政府支出GrossdomesticproductGDP。Horizontalequity:theidea

thattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamount。

Humancapital人力资本Idiosyncraticrisk个别风险Implicitcosts隐性成本

Importquota进口配额elasticityofdemand

需求的收入弹性Indexation指数化Indifferencecurve无差异曲线Inferiorgood

劣等Inflation通货膨胀Inflationrate通货膨胀率Inflationtax通货膨胀税

Informationallyefficient信息的高效率In-kindtransfers实物转移

Internalizinganexternality外部性内部化Investment投资Jobarch求职

laborforce劳动力Labor-forceparticipationrate劳动力参与率Lawofdemand

需求Lawofsupply供应法Lawofsupplyanddemand供需法Liberalism自由主

义Lifecycle生命周期Liquidity流动性Lump-sumtax定额税Macroeconomics宏

观经济Marginalchanges边际变化Marginalcost边际成本Marginalproduct边

际产品Marginalproductoflabor劳动的边际产品Marginalrateofsubstitution

边际替代率Marginalrevenue边际收益Marginaltaxrate边际税率Market市场

Marketfailure市场失灵Marketforloanablefunds可贷资金市场Marketpower

市场力Maximincriterion极大极小准则Medianvotertheorem中间选民定理Menu

cost菜单成本Microeconomics微观经济学Modelofaggregatedemandand

aggregatesupply总需求和总供给模型Monetaryneutrality货币中性Monetary

policy货币政策Money货币Moneymultiplier货币乘数Moneysupply货币供应量

monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争Monopoly垄断Moralhazard道德风险

Multipliereffect乘数效应Mutualfund共同基金Nashequilibrium纳什均衡

Nationalsaving国民储蓄Natural-ratehypothesis自然率假说Naturalrateof

unemployment自然失业率N昆德拉 aturalresources自然资源Negativeincometax负所

得税Netcapitaloutflow资金净流出Netexports净出口NominalGDP名义国内

生产总值Nominalinterestrate名义利率Nominalvariables名义变量Normalgood

正常良好:agoodforwhich,otherthingqual,anincreainincomeleads

toanincreaindemand。normativestatement规范声明Oligopoly寡头垄断

Openeconomy开放型经济Open-marketoperations公开市场操作Opportunitycost

机会成本Perfectcomplement完美的补充:twogoodswithright-angle

tsubstitutes完美的替代品Permanentincome永久

收入Phillipscurve菲利普斯曲线Physicalcapital实物资本Positivestatements

积极发言:antax

庇古税:ataxenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegativeexternality.

Povertyline贫困线Povertyrate贫困率Prentvalue现值Priceceiling最高

限价Pricediscrimination价格歧视Priceelasticityofdemand价格的需求弹

性Priceelasticityofsupply价格的供给弹性Pricefloor价格下限Principal

负责人Prisoners’dilemma囚徒困境Privatesaving私人储蓄Privategoods私

人物品Producerpriceindex生产者价格指数Producersurplus生产者剩余

Productionfunction生产函数Productionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边

界Productivity生产力Profit利润Progressivetax累进税Proportionaltax比

例税Publicgoods公共物品Publicsaving公共储蓄Quantitydemanded需求量

Quantitysupplied供给量Randomwalk随机游走Rationalexpectations理性预期

Realexchangerate实际汇率RealGDP实质生产总值Realinterestrate实际利

率Realvariables实际变量Recession衰退Rerveratio存款准备金率Rerve

requirements准备金要求Regressivetax累退税rerves储备Riskaver规避

风险Rivalry竞争Scarcity稀缺性Screening筛选Shoeleathercosts皮鞋成本:

theresourceswastedwheninflationencouragespeopletoreducetheirmoney

holdings。Shortage稀缺Signaling信号显示Stagflation滞胀Stock股票Storeof

value储存价值Strike罢工Substitutes替代品Substitutioneffect替代效应Sunk

cost沉淀成本Supplycurve供给曲线Supplyschedule供应计划Supplyshock供

给冲击Surplus过剩Tariff关税Taxincidence税收归宿Tech去皱方法 nologicalknowledge

技术知识Totalcost总成本Totalrevenue总收入Totalrevenue(inamarket)

总收入Tradebalance贸易平衡T粗手笨脚 radedeficit贸易逆差Tradepolicy贸易政策

Tradesurplus贸易顺差Tragedyofthecommons公共地的悲剧Transactioncosts

交易成本Unemploymentrate失业率Unemploymentinsurance失业保险Union联盟

Unitofaccount计价单位Utilitarianism功利主义Utility效用Va兰花古诗 lueofthe

marginalproduct边际产品价值Variablecosts可变成本Velocityofmoney货

币流通速度Verticalequity纵向公平Welfare福利Welfareeconomics福利经济

学Willingnesstopay支付愿意Worldprice世界价格