英国议会辩论

IntroductiontoBritishParliamentaryDebate

BritishParliamentaryDebateisverywidespread,andhasgainedmajorsupportin

theUnitedKingdom,Ireland,Europe,Africa,lsobeenadopted

astheofficialstyleoftheWorldUniversitiesDebatingChampionshipandtheEuropean

UniversitiesDebatingChampionship.

TheMotion

Everydebatehasamotion;thisistheissuefordiscussion.

Agoodmotionhasclearargumentsinfavourofitandagainstit.

Themotionsudinmostdebatingcompetitionwillbecontroversialissues,anda

youngpersonwhofrequentlyreadsnewspaperandthinksaboutwhattheyarereading

willbewellequippedtowinindebate.

Themotionixpresd“ThisHou…”:thisisaconventionand“TheHou”isall

thepeopleprentatthedebate.

TeamConstitution

(TwosidesandFourfactions

gGovernment(firstfaction:

PrimeMinister

DeputyPrimeMinister

gOpposition(condfaction:

LeaderoftheOpposition

DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition

gGovernment(thirdfaction:

MemberfortheGovernment

GovernmentWhip

gOpposition(fourthfaction:

MemberfortheOpposition

OppositionWhip

TeamRules

Eachteamisallocatedwhethertheywillpropooroppothemotion.

Theteamsareallocatedwhethertheywillspeakfirstorcondontheirsideofthe

motion.

Youmustnotcontradicttheotherteamonyourside,butyouarecompetingagainst

them.

Youmustshowthejudgesthatyoucandebatemorepersuasivelythattheteamson

theothersideandtheotherteamonyourownside.

Youshouldthereforenotdiscusswiththeotherteamonyoursidewhatyouare

goingtosayorhelptheminanyway.

Youmustnottalktoanyoneotherthanyourpartnerduringthepreparationperiod.

TheRolesoftheFourTeams

OpeningPropositionTeam

OpeningOppositionTeam

ClosingPropositionTeam

ClosingOppositionTeam

TheRolesoftheOpeningPropositionTeam

Firstspeaker(PrimeMinister

themotion(ebelow.

ethecaheandhispartnerwillputforwardandexplainwhichspeaker

willdealwithwhicharguments.

phisownarguments,whichshouldbeparatedintotwoorthreemain

points.

bysummarizinghismainpoints.

TheRolesoftheOpeningPropositionTeam

Secondspeaker(DeputyPrimeMinister

tulate(扼要重述theteamline.

heresponmadebythefirstoppositionspeakertohispartner’sspeech.

hefirstoppositionspeaker’smainarguments.

phisownarguments–paratedintotwoorthreemainpoints.

withasummaryofthewholeteamca.

TheRolesoftheOpeningOppositionTeam

Firstspeaker(LeaderoftheOpposition

dtothedefinitionifitisunfairormakesnolinktothemotion.

Youcanre-define(offeranalternativeinterpretationofthemotion,butthiscanbe

riskyandshouldonlybedonewhenthedefinitionisnotdebatable(usuallybetterto

complainalittleandhopetheadjudicatorgivesyoucredit–“wellthisisasillydefinition

butwe’regoingtodebateitandbeatyouonitanyway”approach.

hefirstpropositionspeech.

ethecawhichsheandherpartnerwillputforwardandexplainwhich

speakerswilldealwithwhicharguments.

dditionalarguments(roughly2aboutwhythepolicyisabadidea,or

developacounterca(cisionislargelybadonthe

circumstancesofthedebate,andonlyexperiencewillprovideguidanceonthis.

TheRolesoftheOpeningOppositionTeam

Secondspeaker(DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition

hespeechofthecondpropositionspeaker.

omemoreargumentstosupportyourpartner’sapproachtothemotion.

izethecaforyourteam,includingyourownandyourpartner’s

esoftheClosingPropositionTeam

Firstspeaker(MemberfortheGovernment

Thefirstspeakermuststakehisteam’sclaiminthedebatebydoingoneofthe

following:

“thisdebatehassofarfocudonthe

developedworld,andnowourteamwillextendthattolookattheimportantbenefitsfor

thedevelopingworld

uceacoupleofnewargumentsthatmakethecaonhissidemore

persuasive.(Note:Again,quiteacomplex

partofdebatingtomaster,butitisveryimportanttoaddsomethingnewtothedebateor

youwillbepenalized.

TheRolesoftheClosingPropositionTeam

Secondspeaker(GovernmentWhip

ushouldstep

backandlookatthedebateasawholeandexplainwhyonalltheareasyouhaveargued

:

ughthedebatechronologically(thisisnotveryadvancedandusuallynot

verypersuasiveeither.

ughoneside’scaandthentheother.

ughthedebateaccordingtothemainpointsofcontention(thisisthemost

persuasiveandadvancedwayexplainingwhyoneachofthemainissuesthathavebeen

debatedhavebeenwonbyyourside.

(Note:Youshouldnotintroducenewargument.

TheRolesoftheClosingOppositionTeam

Firstspeaker(MemberfortheOpposition

Thisisverysimilartothecondpropositionrole.

trebutthenewanalysisofthethirdpropositionspeaker.

talsobringanextensiontothedebate–thedebateintoanew

areaorbringacoupleofnewargumentstothedebate.

TheRolesoftheClosingOppositionTeam

Secondspeaker(OppositionWhip

ushouldstep

backandlookatthedebateasawholeandexplainwhyonalltheareasyouhaveargued

:蒸饺怎么包

ughthedebatechronologically(thisisnotveryadvancedandusuallynot

verypersuasiveeither.

ughoneside’scaandthentheother.

ughthedebateaccordingtothemainpointsofcontention(thisisthemost

persuasiveandadvancedwayexplainingwhyoneachofthemainissuesthathavebeen

debatedhavebeenwonbyyourside.

(Note:Youshouldnotintroducenewargument.

NotesforTwoWhips

strespondtobothopposingfactions'arguments;

ouldbrieflysumuptheirOpeningFaction'sca;

ouldofferaconclusionoftheirownfaction'scaextension.

DebatingProcedure

Speakingalternatesbetweenthetwosidesandtheorderofthedebateistherefore:

Pha1:PrimeMinister

Pha2:LeaderoftheOpposition

Pha3:DeputyPrimeMinister

Pha4:DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition

Pha5:MemberfortheGovernment

Pha6:Memberfort免费来电铃声大全 heOpposition

Pha7:GovernmentWhip

Pha8:OppositionWhip

PointsofInformation

POI(PointofInformationisimportantinBritishParliamentarystyle,asitallowsthe

firsttwofactionstomaintaintheirrelevanceduringthecourofthedebate,andthelast

twofactionstointroducetheirargumentarlyinthedebate.

RulesofPOI

ofinformationshouldbeofferedinunprotectedtime(ime

betweenthetwotimesignals.

ouldbeofferedbymembersoftheoppositesideonly.

erapointofinformationbystandingandsaying“pointofinformation”.

uldaimtoofferonepointofinformationeveryminuteduringsomeone

el’ffertoofewitwilllooklikeyou

cannotargueagainstthepointtheyaremaking,andifyouoffertoomanyitwilllooklike

youaretryingtounttleorharassthespeaker.

rsmayacceptordeclinethepointofinformationinanywaytheylike;the

simplestisbysaying“yesplea”,or“nothankyou”.

uldaimtoaccepttwopointsofinformationduringa7minutespeech.

ofInformationshouldbequickandtothepoint(nomorethanaboutfifteen

ouldofferanewpieceofinformationtoexplainwhywhatthespeakeris

sayingatthetimeiswrong.

HowToDealWithPOI

Manynewdebatersfindpointsofinformationoneofthescariestbitsofdebating.

Thisisusuallybecautheyvastlyoverestimatetheintelligenceofthespeakersonthe

otherside.

Rememberconfidencedoesnotequalintelligence,itonlygivesthatimpressionand

isdesignedtodoso.

ThereareanumberofwaysofdealingwithPointsofInformation.

sthembrieflyandthengetonwithyourspeech(ifitwasastupidpoint.

themmorefullyandmergeyouranswerintowhatyouweregoingtosay

next.

tyouareplanningtodealwiththatpointlateroninyourspeechandcarry

othis,youabsolutelyMUSTmakeitutterlyexplicitwhen

tnotuthisasaduckingtacticsinceadjudicators

willnotice.

CaBuilding

Oneofthemostdifficultskillsindebatingispreparingcas(irst

Proposition.

Manyteamsf孟郊贾岛 inditdifficulttocomeupwithagoodcastatementandsupporting

argumentsinthe15minutesthatmosttournamentsallotforpreparationtime.

Thekeytosuccessistorecognizeyourtimeconstraintsandlivewithinthem.

Everyotherteaminthetournamentwillhavesimilarrestrictionsplacedonthem

itandmoveon.

cais

(1tautological(truebydefinition:theSu为什么光速不可超越 nrisinthemorning,

(2truistic(truebycommonlyacceptedprinciples:Hitlerwasbad

youwillbepenalid,andwillprobablylothedebatebydefault.

Ifthedefinitionistautologicalortruistic,thefirstoppositionspeakershouldexplain

this,substituteafairdefinitionandthenargueagainstthisnewdefinition.

HowtomakedefinitionThefollowingarepossiblemeans,notthenecessarymethod

ferentmotion,weneedtomakedifferentdefinitionaccording

tTHBTretirementageshouldbeextended.(how

manyyears?etTHBTsmokingshouldbebannedinChina.(inwhichlocation?

SetTHBTathletesshouldbepermittedtouPerformanceEnhancingDrugsin

SetTHBTsubsidiesshouldbegrantedtointer-faithandinter-

ficationofDebatingtypesA

PropositionofFact(What/“ThatgunpowderwasinventedinChina.”

(Debatedonlybetweenrearchers/specialistsBPropositionofValue(What/

“ThisHoubelievesthatAffirmativeActionispraiworthy.(keywordhereisan

adjectiveCPropositionofPolicy(“ThisHouwouldappeaNorthKorea”

(keywordhereisaverbDValuedebating+PolicydebatingProstitutionshouldbe

ngPerspectives(1ProfitabilityTHBTmannedmission

shouldbenttoMars.(2Effi小王子的故事 ciencyThishoubelievesthathealthindustryshouldbe

privatized.(3UrgencyDegreeTHBTdevelopedNationsshouldacceptglobalwarming

refugees.(4SignificanceTHBTprostitutionshouldbelegalized.(5Feasibility(hardto

implementorsuperviTHBTchildrenshouldbebannedtowatchTVover3hourach

day.(6Effectiveness

THBTpaperexaminationshouldbeabolished.(7JusticeandEquityTHBT

judiciaryjudgesshouldbeelected.(8NecessityTHBTYuanmingyuanshouldberebuilt.

(9FairnessTHBTretirementageshouldbeextended.(10HumanityTHBTvoluntary

ialabilitiesandqualityfordebaterLinguistic

competence(ing,speakingBroadKnowledgeRerves(focusLogic

ThinkingDialecticalThinkingIndependentThinkingTeamworkSpiritCourtesy

Devotion&PassionPositiveMentality(open-mindedness,optimism,perverance,

modesty,tionStrategiesReviewTypesofResolutions(eachhasunique

argumentsBasicsofRefutation(4StepRefutationOpposingPoliciesOpposingValues

OpposingFactsGeneralOppositionArgumentsPolicyResolutionsExample:“The

EuropeanUnionshoulddiplomaticallypressureMyanmartoopenitsborders.”Policy

fied

grammaticallyby“should”or“would”RequireoppositiontoproveProbleminthestatus

quoPlantodealwiththatproblemHowplanwill“solve”fortheproblemaggressiveness,

boldness,

ValueResolutionsExample:“Thishoubelievescurityneedsoutweigh

environmentalneeds.”ValueResolutionsAskthepropositiontoproveonethingisbetter

thananotherRequiresastructuretoasssthecomparison(ahierarchyofvalues

identifiedgrammaticallybyacomparison,forexample“bettert芷江战役 han,”“greater,”“more

important,”“justified.”RequiresPropositiontoproveValueHierarchyisgood

interpretationTheirinterpretationimproves,insomemanner,thevalueFactResolutions

Example:“China’snon-interventionpolicywithMyanmarhasstrengthenedtheregion.”

FactResolutionsAskthepropositiontoprovesomethingistrueorsomethingcaud

somethingelIdentifiedgrammaticallybyinfinitiveverb,forexample“tobe,”“is,”or

“are.”BasicsofRefutationFourStepProcessStep1:saywhatopponentsaidStep2:

providearespon(refuteitStep3:explainresponStep4:createimpactcomparison

Thisprocessallows:JudgeandopposingteamtofollowyourargumentsMakexplicit

your“warrants”orreasonsforwhyyourargumentsaretobepreferredInotherwords,it

forcesyoutoanswerthe“why”questionOpposingPoliciesArgumentsyoucanmake

Planisnotnecessary(noproblemPlandoesnotsolvefortheproblemPlancauswor

thingstohappenPlancouldbesolvedbetterbyanothercourofactionOppo病毒的特点 singValues

OpposingValues—ArgumentsyoucanmakeValuestructureisbad(valueiswrong田打一成语

PropositiondoesnotupholdtheirvaluePropositiondoesnotprovetheirvalue

applicationOpposingFactsArgumentsyoucanmakePropositiondoesnotproveits

statementaboutthefactclaimOfferacounterinterpretationofthefactclaim“resolution

claim”-arguethePropositionscaisnotlinkedtotheresolutionsgivenforthedebate

HowshouldtheresolutionbeinterpretedHowdoesthepropositioncanotmeetthis

interpretationGenericOppositionArgumentsCritiqueunderlyingassumptionsArguethe

propodinterpretation(plan,valueorfactrestsonfaultyassumptionthatneedsbe

refuted,orcriticizedArguetheassumptionisharmfultosocietyorthatassumptionwould

cauharmUnitingStrategiesDonotthinkofpropositionsoffact,value,andpolicyas

uently,thestrategies

ractically—whathappensifthepropositionisaffirmedas“true.”Ifyou

wereajudgeofthedebate,doyouthinkthepropositionhasdoneenoughtogetyourvote?

Wheredotheyfailtomeettheneedsofconvincingyou?Theareavenuesforyouto

pointouttoyourjudge.