联合国组织机构

联合国的组织机构

1、 联合国： The United Nations

联合国（英文缩写：UN）是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织，成立于第二次世界大战结束

后的1945年，致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权、公民自

由、政治自由、民主及实现持久世界和平方面的合作。总部设立在美国纽约, 现在共有193

个成员国。

The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization who stated aims include promoting

and facilitating cooperation in international law, international curity, economic development,

social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the

achievement of lasting world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II with its

Headquarters in New York City, and there are now 193.member states.

2、安理会 the United Nations Security Council

联合国安全理事会是联合国的六大主要机构之一。根据《联合国宪章》的宗旨及原则，安理

会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任，是唯一有权采取强制行动的联合国机构，其中五大国有

安理会否决权。安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成,5个常任理事国是中国、

法国、俄罗斯、英国 、美国 。

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United

Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and curity. Its powers,

outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the

establishment of international sanctions(制裁), and the authorization of military action. Its powers

are exercid through United Nations Security Council resolutions(决议). There are 15 members

of the Security Council. This includes five veto-wielding permanent members—China, France,

Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

3、联大： The United Nations General Asmbly

The United Nations General Asmbly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six principal organs of the

United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal reprentation. Its

powers are to overe the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to

the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make

recommendations in the form of General Asmbly Resolutions. The first ssion was convened

on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included reprentatives of 51

nations.

4、秘书处（联合国秘书处）： The United Nations Secretariat

秘书处，是联合国的六个主要机构之一，由秘书长及办事人员组成，从事各种日常工作，为

其他主要机构服务，并执行这些机构指定的方案与政策。秘书长是联合国的行政首长，由大

会根据安全理事会推荐任命，任期五年，可以连任。

The United Nations Secretariat is one of the principal organs of the United Nations, an

intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of aiding states to collectively

maintain international peace and curity. The Secretariat is compod of a Secretary General,

assisted by a staff of international civil rvants worldwide. The Secretary General is appointed by

the General Asmbly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. It rvices the other

principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by

them. The Secretariat carries out myriad(无数的)duties ranging from the administration of

peacekeeping operations to making surveys/studies about different countries' economic and social

trends.

5、国际法院 ： International Court of Justice, ICJ

国际法院（International Court of Justice, ICJ），又称为国际法庭，是联合国的司法裁决机

构，根据《国际法院规约》于1946年2月成立，位于荷兰海牙。国际法院的主要功能是对

各国所提交的案件做出有法律约束力的仲裁，或在联合国大会及联合国安理会的请求下提供

咨询性司法建议。它还可以审理涉嫌违反国际法的案件。

The International Court of Justice commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the

（

primary judicial(司法的)branch of the United Nations. It is bad in the Peace Palace in The

Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to ttle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to

provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized(

经正式授权

的)

international branches, agencies, and the UN General Asmbly.

6、经社理事会： Economic and Social Council--ECOSOC联合国经济和社会理事会

联合国经济和社会理事会是协调14个联合国专门机构、10个职司委员会和5个区域委员会

的经济、社会和相关工作的主要机构，是《联合国宪章》规定的联合国6个主要机构之一。

它有54名成员组成，于每年7月举行为期四周的会议。

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is one of the principal organs of

the United Nations. It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14

UN specialized agencies, their functional commissions and five regional commissions

（委员会）.

ECOSOC has 54 members; it holds four-week ssion each year in July.

7、

联合国托管理事会

联合国托管理事会(Trusteeship Council -- TC) 是联合国实行国际托管制度的

主要机构。1945年6月26日，联合国成立托管理事会，负责对置于国际托

管制

度下的领土实行管理的职能。适用于国际托管的土地是第二次世界大战结束时尚未独立的前

国际联盟的委任统治地和战后割离自敌国的土地。最后一个托管领土帕劳于1994年10月独

立，并成为联合国成员国后，联合国托管理事会已经完成其历史使命，暂停运作。但由于

[5]

明载于《联合国宪章》，托管理事会仍继续“存在”，其正式结束运作须俟联合国宪章之修订。

The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations,

was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their

inhabitants and of international peace and curity. The trust territories—most of them former

mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World

War II. The last was Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which

became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994.

以上是联合国的组成。

以下是联合国重要组织：

8联合国教科文组织：UNESCO（United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization）

联合国教育、科学及文化组织是联合国专门机构之一，简称联合国教科文组织。该组织1946

年成立，总部设在法国巴黎。其宗旨是促进教育、科学及文化方面的国际合作，以利于各国

人民之间的相互了解，维护世界和平。

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO) is a

specialized agency of the United Nations . It was founded in 1945 with its headquarters in Paris

of France, and there are now 195member states. Its purpo is to promote international

collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to maintain the mutual

understanding between the people of the world and the world peace and curity.

9、国际货币基金组织

International Monetary Fund （IMF）

国际货币基金组织是根据1944年7月在布雷顿森林会议签订的《国际货币基金

协定》，于1945年12月27日在华盛顿成立的国际组织。其职责是监察货币汇

率和各国贸易情况，提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。其总部

设在华盛顿。与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一。

The International Monetary Fund is an international organization that was initiated in 1944 at

the Bretton Woods Conference and formally created in 1945 by 29 member countries. Its functions

are to overe the exchange rate and trade between countries and to provide short-term capital to

its member. Its headquarters are in Washington of United States.

10、世界银行： World Bank

世界银行（World Bank）是为发展中国家资本项目提供贷款的国际金融机构。世界银行成立

于 1945年，总部在美国的华盛顿。世界银行的官方目标为消除贫困。世界银行由两个机构

组成：国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）与国际开发协会(IDA)。

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing

countries for capital programs. It was founded in 1944with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.,

World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty ,and it compris two institutions:

the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International

Development Association (IDA).

11、世界银行集团 The World Bank Group (WBG)

世界银行集团（英语：World Bank Group，缩写WBG）是一个包含有5个国际组织的集团，

其总部在美国华盛顿特区。世界银行集团成立今天它的任务是“终结极度贫困，促进共享繁

荣”。世界银行集团由5个机构组成，分别是：国际复兴开发银行，国际开发协会，国际金

[

融公司， 多边投资担保机构，国际投资争端解决中心。

The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations that make loans to poor

countries. It is the largest and most famous development bank in the world .The bank’s

headquarter is in Washington, D.C. and its missions are to reduce poverty and promote economic

development. It compris five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance

Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International

Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

12、世界卫生组织

世界卫生组织（简称世卫组织或世卫）是联合国属下的专门机构，国际最大的公共卫生组织，

总部设于瑞士日内瓦。世界卫生组织的宗旨是使全世界人民获得尽可能高水平的健康。世界

卫生组织的主要职能包括：促进流行病和地方病的防治；提供和改进公共卫生，疾病医疗和

有关事项的教学与训练；推动确定生物制品的国际标准。截至2005年5月，世界卫生组织

组织共有193个成员国。现任总干事为来自香港的陈冯富珍。

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations

(UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7

April 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Its purpo is to enable

the people of the world to get a high health level, and its main functions include:

prevention and control on epidemic dias, the provision and improvement of public

health, education and training of medical and related matters. Until May 2005, there

are 193 members and the current director general is Chen Feng fuzhen from Hong Kong.

13、世界贸易组织： The World Trade Organization (WTO)

世界贸易组织（简称世贸组织或世贸）是负责监督成员经济体之间各种贸易协议得到执行的

一个国际组织，前身是1948年开始实施的 关税及贸易总协定的秘书处,正式成立于1995年。

世贸总部位于瑞士日内瓦，截至2013年，世界贸易组织共有159个成员。它是各成员贸易

立法的监督者，是就贸易进行谈判和解决争端的场所，是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一，

其成员间的贸易额占世界贸易额的绝大多数，被称为“经济联合国”。

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that intends to supervi

and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on 1 January 1995,

replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. Its

headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. The organization deals with regulation of trade between

participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements,

and a dispute resolution according to WTO agreements.

14、国际红十字会： International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC

红十字国际委员会是总部设于瑞士日内瓦的人道主义机构。其成立于1863年，三次获得诺

贝尔奖。根据《日内瓦公约》以及习惯国际法的规定，国际社会赋予红十字国际委员会独一

无二的地位，保护国内和国际性武装冲突的受难者。这些受难者包括战伤者、战俘、难民、

平民和其他非战斗员。

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution bad in

Geneva, Switzerland and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. According to Geneva Conventions

and Additional Protocols, international community has given the ICRC a mandate (授权)to

protect victims of international and internal armed conflicts. Such victims include war wounded,

prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other non-combatants.

以下是地区组织：

15、欧盟： European Union（EU）

欧洲联盟是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身的区域一体化组织。其总部设在比利时首都布

鲁塞尔，是由欧洲共同体发展而来。1993年，《马斯特里赫特条约》正式生效，欧盟正式

诞生。欧盟在贸易、农业、金融等方面趋近于一个统一的联邦国家，而在内政、国防、外交

等其他方面则类似一个独立国家所组成的同盟。现拥有28个会员国。2012年，欧盟获得诺

贝尔和平奖。它由欧盟委员会，欧洲中央银行 ，欧洲议会等机构组成。他的货币是欧元。

The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are

located primarily in Europe.It was officially founded in 1993 with its headquarters in Brusls

of Belgium . Institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the European Central

Bank and the European Parliament. EU aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods,

rvices, and capital, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional

development. The EU was the recipient of the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize，and its currency is euro.

16、东盟（已考）： The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

东南亚国家联盟是集合东南亚区域国家的一个政治经济区域组织。前身是东南亚联盟，1967

年印度尼西亚、新加坡、泰国、菲律宾四国外长宣告《曼谷宣言》， 东南亚国家联盟正式成

立。其总部位于印度尼西亚的雅加达，现有10个成员国。东盟的宗旨和目标是本着平等与

合作精神，共同促进本地区的经济增长、社会进步和文化发展，建立一个繁荣、和平的东南

亚国家共同体，以促进本地区的和平与稳定。

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) is a geo-political and economic

organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by

Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Now it has 10 members with its

headquarters in Jakarta, Indonesia. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress

and cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability.

17、亚太经合组织： Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

亚洲太平洋经济合作组织是亚太区内各地区之间促进经济成长、合作、贸易、投资的论坛，

始设于1989年，现有21个成员经济体,总部位于新加坡。亚太经合组织是经济合作的论坛

平台，其运作是通过非约束性的承诺与成员的自愿，强调开放对话及平等尊重各成员意见，

不同于其他经由条约确立的政府间组织。

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a economic forum for 21 Pacific Rim member

economiesthat eks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific

region. It was established in 1989 with its headquarters in Singapore. APEC works to rai living

standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a n of

community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries

18、北美自由贸易协议 ： The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

北美自由贸易协议是美国、加拿大及墨西哥在1992年8月12日签署了关于三国间全面贸易

的协议。北美自由贸易协议于1994年1月1日正式生效。并同时宣告北美自由贸易区正式

成立。该协议旨在通过消除关税保护和减少非关税壁垒来促进贸易区商品和服务的自由贸

易。北美自由贸易区的建立，一方面扩大了区域内贸易，但另一方面使一些国家担心贸易保

护主义抬头，对区域外向美国出口构成威胁。

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada,

Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement

came into force on January 1, 1994. The agreement eks to promote free trade in goods and

rvices ，and increa investment by eliminating tariff protection and reducing non-tariff barriers.

北美自由贸易区： North America Free Trade Area ，NAFTA

北美自由贸易区是北美地区的一个区域经济一体化组织。正式成立于1994年，由美国、加

拿大、墨西哥三国组成。旨在通过消除关税保护和减少非关税壁垒来促进贸易区商品和服务

的自由贸易。北美自由贸易区的建立，一方面扩大了区域内贸易，但另一方面使一些国家担

心贸易保护主义抬头，对区域外向美国出口构成威胁。

The North American Free Trade Area is a regional economic integration organization in

the North American region. It came into force on January 1, 1994, made up of Canada, Mexico,

and the United States. It aims to promote free trade in goods and rvices ，and increa

investment by eliminating tariff protection and reducing non-tariff barriers.

19、阿盟： League of Arab States (commonly called the Arab League)

阿拉伯国家联盟是阿拉伯国家组成的一个地区性国际政治组织。成立于1945年，其成员国

皆位于亚洲或非洲，现有成员国22个，总部设在开罗。宗旨是加强成员国间的协作，共同

维护各国的主权和领土完整，广泛开展经济文化各个领域的合作。

The League of Arab States is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North

Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia. It was formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members:

Egypt, Iraq, jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Currently, the League has 22 members with

its headquarters in Cairo. The League's main goal is to "draw clor the relations between member

States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and

sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".

20、非洲联盟：（简称非盟 ） The African Union (AU)

非洲联盟是一个包涵了54个非洲会员国的联盟，是属于集政治、经济和军事于一体的全非

洲性的政治实体。前身是1963年在埃塞俄比亚成立的“非洲统一组织”。2002年非洲联盟

正式成立。其主要目的是实现非洲国家的团结统一，捍卫成员国的独立、主权和领土完整加

快非洲大陆政治、社会和经济一体化进程。

The African Union is a union of political, economic and military in Africa. It consists

of 54 African states. The AU was officially established in 2002 to replace the Organisation

of African Unity (OAU).The main objectives of the AU are to achieve greater unity and

solidarity between the African countries and the people of Africa ， defend the sovereignty,

territorial integrity and independence of its Member States and accelerate the political and

socio-economic integration of the continent.

21、上海合作组织： The Shanghai Cooperation Organization简称上合组织（SCO）

上海合作组织是由中华人民共和国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和乌

兹别克斯坦6个国家组成的一个政治、经济、文化组织。前身是“上海五国”会晤机制，正式

成立于2001年。宣称以“互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多种文明、谋求共同发展”为基

本内容的“上海精神”作为相互关系的原则，以及不结盟、不针对其他国家和地区、对外开

放的原则。宗旨是加强各成员国之间的相互信任与睦邻友好；鼓励各成员国在政治、经贸、

科技、文化、教育、能源、交通、环保及其它领域的有效合作；共同致力于维护和保障地区

的和平、安全与稳定；建立民主、公正、合理的国际政治经济新秩序。另外有5个观察员国：

蒙古国、伊朗、巴基斯坦、印度和阿富汗。工作语言为汉语和俄罗斯语。

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a Eurasian political, economic and military

organization which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It was established on the basis of the

“Shanghai Five”. The purpo is to strengthen mutual trust and good relations among

neighboring member states, encourage effective cooperation of each member in the politics,

economy and trade, science and technology, culture, education, energy, traffic, environmental

protection and other fields, establish a new reasonably international political and

economic order in justice, democracy .Its Working language are Chine and Russian.

22、金砖四国： BRIC

金砖四国是指巴西、俄罗斯、印度及中国四个有希望在几十年内取代七大工业国组织成为世

界最大经济体的国家。这个简称来自这四个国家的英文国名开头字母所组成的词 BRIC

（Brazil、Russia、 India、China），其发音类似英文的“砖块”（BRICK）一词。2001年，

美国高盛公司首席经济师吉姆·奥尼尔（Jim O'Neil）首次提出“金砖四国”这一概念。2003

年，奥尼尔在一份题为《与“金砖四国”一起梦想》的研究报告中预测，到2050年，世界

经济格局将重新洗牌，“金砖四国”将超越包括英国、法国、意大利、德国在内的西方发达

国家，与美国、日本一起跻身全球新的六大经济体。2010年12月，南非作为正式成员加入

“金砖国家”合作机制，“金砖四国”变成“金砖五国”，并更名为“金砖国家”（BRICS）。

BRICS（金砖国家） is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies:

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.The grouping was originally known as "BRIC"

（金砖四国） before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The acronym was coined

by America Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled "Building

Better Global Economic BRICS". The acronym has come into widespread u as a symbol of the

apparent shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the

developing world. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialid countries, but

they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional

and global affairs; all five are G-20 members. (以下这句话作为了解The BRICS Forum, an

independent international organization encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation

between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.)

23、国际奥委会： The International Olympic Committee (IOC)(会考，今年日本申奥成功)

国际奥林匹克委员会是一个非政府、非盈利的国际体育组织，总部位于瑞士的洛桑。由法国

人顾拜旦于1894年6月23日建立，首任主席是维凯拉斯。目前有100个会员和32个荣誉

会员。国际奥委会组织举办奥林匹克运动会、青年奥林匹克运动会、冬季奥林匹克运动会、

残疾人奥林匹克运动会,每4年举办一次。它组织的首届夏季奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举

行,首届冬奥会于1924年在法国 霞慕尼 举行。工作语言为法语和英语。

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization

bad in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Vikelas as its first

president. Today its membership consists of 100 active members, 33 honorary members. The IOC

includes the modern Olympic Games , Youth Olympic Games, Winter Olympic Games and

Paralympic Games held in summer and winter, every four years. The first Summer Olympics

organized by the IOC were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics were in

Chamonix, France, in 1924.

国际与地区热点问题

1、 六方会谈： The six-party talks

六方会谈是指由朝鲜、韩国、中国、美国、俄罗斯和日本六国共同参与的旨在解决朝鲜核问

题的一系列谈判。会谈从2003年至2007年先后共举行过六轮会谈。2009年朝鲜宣布退出

之后，六方会谈至今一直没有复会，被普遍认为已经名存实亡。

The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the curity concerns as a result of the

North Korean nuclear weapons program. There has been a ries of meetings with six

participating states: North Korea, South Korea, China, the United States, Russia and Japan. From

2003 to 2007 talks were held six rounds of talks. After North Korea announced its withdrawal

the 2009, the six party talks has been no longer will exist except in name.

2、欧债危机： European sovereign debt crisis

欧洲债务危机即欧洲主权的债务危机。其是指在2008年金融危机发生后，希腊等欧盟国家

所发生的债务危机。被指出现问题的欧元区国家包括希腊、爱尔兰、西班牙和葡萄牙，而部

份不属于欧元区国家的欧盟成员国也牵涉其中。冰岛虽然在2008年遭遇当时全球规模最大

的金融危机，导致该国的国际银行体系崩坍，但正因为冰岛政府无力救助银行脱险，主权债

务危机对冰岛带来的影响反而较少。相反，针对那些为了出手救助银行而导致主权债务急增

的部份欧盟成员国而言，由于这些国家与其他欧盟成员国，特别是与德国之间在债券收益率

差价和信贷违约掉期方面的差异愈来愈大，使到这些国家逐渐浮现信心危机。

The Eurozone crisis欧元区危机(often referred to as the Euro crisis) is an ongoing crisis that has

been affecting the countries of the Eurozone since late 2009. It is a combined sovereign debt crisis,

a banking crisis and a growth and competitiveness crisis. The crisis made it difficult or impossible

for some countries in the euro area to repay or re-finance their government debt without the

assistance of third parties.

3、美国政府停摆： Government shutdown

在美国政治中，政府停摆或称政府关闭，指的是在国会无法通过足够的预算案的情况下，美

国政府关闭一些政府机构，暂时停止提供“非必要服务”，相关的政府雇员停发工资以减少

开支。通常在政府停摆后仍然维持运转的联邦机构与服务包括：气象、医疗、邮政、军事，

航空管制以及刑罚系统等。但这些机构的运作并没有法律保障，如果预算案迟迟不能通过，

这些机构也有可能停止服务，不过这在现实中还没有发生过。历史上最长的停摆发生在1994

年，长达21天。政府停摆可类比作私营经济中的停工。最近一次美国政府停摆发生在2013

年10月1日到17日。停摆的主要原因是共和党控制的众议院与民主党控制的参议院在实施

患者保护与平价医疗法案(又称奥巴马医改、美国全民医保）的上的分歧。最终以两党同意

延长债务上限结束停摆而告终。

In U.S. politics, a government shutdown is the name for the process the Executive Branch（行政部

门） must enter into, when the Congress creates a "funding gap"（资金缺口）by choosing not to or

failing to pass legislation（立法 ）funding government operations and agencies. If interim（临时的，

暂时的）or full-year appropriations（拨款；挪用） are not enacted （vt. 颁布；制定法律；扮演；

发生）into law, the United States Constitution （美国宪法）and the Antideficiency Act（法案） require

the federal government begins a "shutdown" of the affected activities. Programs that are funded by

laws other than annual appropriations acts (like Social Security) also may be affected by a funding

gap.

The United States federal government shutdown of 2013 ran from September 30 to October 16, 2013.

The primary issue of dispute between the Republican-controlled Hou of Reprentatives and the

Democratic Senate was the Republicans' desire to delay or defund the Patient Protection and

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), signed into law in 2010.A bill to end the shutdown and fund federal

agencies through Jan. 15, 2014, pasd the Senate and the Hou and was signed into law on Oct. 17,

2013.