托福写作同义词转换国内考生常用的表达=高分表达
(一)名此类:
thatonetrieshardto《。=名1司one'sundertakings/one'scommitments
tisthat...=Therealityisthat...
=happiness/delight/enjoyment
s=sorrow/griefhazard/peril(后面这个词语气很强,危险程度非同…般)
[派生]dangerous;hazardous
ion-schooling(指学校教育,家庭教育则用upbringing/parenting)
[区分]家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角由说的,比如children^
upbringing;而parenting是从家长的角度来说,比如nsibleparenting.
iment/advertising
如果你写过关于广告的题目,就一定体会过不停轮换使用advertiment/
advertising有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化,
比如commercials(电视或者互联网上的广告),flyers(传单广告,北京最常见
的形式就是“135****,办证”),billboards(大幅的广告牌)或者non-profit
advertiments^public-interestadvertiments(公益广告)
^automobile
iccrisis=economicmeltdown(彳艮接近)/recession(这个一般仅
仅还是衰退)/theGreatDepression(这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了)
people^celebrities(单数为celebrity(娱乐界)名人;名声)^eminent
person(知名人士)
eings(备考生使用过多)=humankind=humanity(注意这个词的单
数指人类,复数指人文学科)/thehumanrace
[相关]=fortune(s)(fortune作财富的意思时可以加复数)wealthy/
affluent(adj.)富裕的
ill[派生]skilled
~technique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法,而不是technology科技)
adept/adroit(adj.)
iontosth.=method=methodology(国外学术写作中超级常用的词,基
本就是method的故作高深版)
=field=sphere(ofactivityorinterest,thesphereofinternational
politics)/domain领域/arena舞台二graspof?commandofoption
ation-collaboration
tructureinacityoracountry^infrastructure
ess=fatigue"疲劳,疲乏"
tof=isaprerequisitefor(是..的必备先决条件)
ernet-theinformationhighway(—篇考生作文里Internet被使用十几次
是常事儿)
y~integrity“诚实,正直"=veracity
belief=faith(in)
rticularpurpo=aim=intention
s=anxieties(是的,这两个词的确都可以加复数)
nce^impact//implication/repercussion反响^reflection
nceoneachother=mutualinfluence(类彳以的表达还有mutualrespect,
mutualtrust和mutualunderstanding/interactionbetweenAandB/interplaybetween
AandB
fferentkindsof...=avarietyof.,./awidearrayof.../awiderangeof...
deasheldbymanypeople=misconceptionsprestige/sterling
=reputation-spectrum-recognitioncomponent(这个词不仅扌旨零件,在
学术写作中也经常指"部分")[相关]nsible(adj.)disparity-amechanismfor
aremedyforsth.(生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法,但学术写作中经常用来指某
种问题的解决方法,注意搭配的介词不同)
dents-unrulystudents(不守规矩的学生)/disruptivestudents(不遵
守记录的学生)
avior=unethicalbehavior/immoralbehavior(不道德行为)
zationsthathelppoorpeople^charities/charitableorganizations
ence[派生]^distinction
bedifferentfrom=bedistinctfrom(adj.)
^individual
ality-disposition
ss^enterpris(这里扌旨企业)
thataretoohigh=exorbitantprices价格过高的(exorbitanthousing
price)
eof...=theincidenceof...(后面…般跟坏事儿,比如unemployment/crime/
adia)
eenthusiasm=zeal热衷(rteaching/eal)/passion热
爱(haveapassionfor)
alglobalization文化全球化(有过多人使用这个词)=globalcultural
homogenization全球文化同一化过程
thatisnecessary=anecessity
thatisnewandinteresting=anovelty
thatisrare=ararity
thatpeoplearenotsureabout=uncertainties
language=auniversallanguage
s=companions
tion-recreation
-respectrespectsb./sth.-lf-esteemanddignity=holdsb./regard
[反义]lookdownon..treat...withcontempt=despi(v.)
-control=lf-discipline
alprisoner=convictinmate
peoplewhowalkonthestreet=alcoholicbeverages
erationsinhistory=pedestriansancestors
nwhobenefitsfromsth,=abeneficiaryofsth.
thatspreadsquickly=anepidemic(注意这个词虽然是・ic结尾,却
不是形容词)
npleasantwayoflife=miry
hatrequireslotsofeffort=anarduoustask
n-ntiment
-opponent/foe
oachtodoingsth./anavenuetowardssth.
minds^insularminds(狭隘的头脑或者观念)
-pastime/diversion消遣,分散注意力
ss=progression(经常指抽象的进步,比如写关于society/career/
technology的话题)
e^tback(注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格)
ance=significance(当你用了一次importance之后,第二次不妨用这
个)-
=obligation(用于比较重要的责任)
ulty=hindrance妨碍/impediment阻碍/hurdles
refromyourclassmates=peerpressure
nswhocanworkproblems=laborforce/workforce(都是总体概念,而且
注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格)
esthatexistforalongtime^persistentproblems/chronicdias
ithoutregularexerciradentarylifestyle
=conquence(表示消极的结果更多一些)
kofknowledge-considerationsignorance(注意在地道英文里,这个词
经常并不表示“忽视”,而是表示“无知”)
k=misfortune
e=adversity逆境,不幸/dilemma困境/predicament/hardship
^delinquencyoffen/criminalact
criminal^offender/
riouscrime-culprit/=perpetratorheinouscrime/felonya
aminorcrime=misdemeanorscarcity(of)/
-juvenile
ge(of)^dearth(of)=lackof"缺乏"
yoneplaceswhereanimalslive=habitat"栖息地”
nts^inhabitants居民townsman市民=dwellers
me=sparetime=leisure^vacation=relaxation
er^
(二)形容词类
pular-prevalent/ubiquitous普遍存在的
=genuine(trulyagenuinely)
=profound(深刻的,后面经常跟wisdom/truths/understanding/impact/
thoughts)
=powerful/mighty~vulnerable
hard-workingsindustrious"勤勉的"(注意不是industrial,而diligent那个词在美
语中是个挺大的词)」
h^lf-centered
cal=materialistic
(贬义)^conceited
=intelligent=beversatile
ict=lenient"宽大的,仁慈的"
ble=esteemed令人尊敬的entire=highly-respected
-realisticsophisticated(这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的)
tractive^veryappealing/fascinating/captivating
reful^cautious小心的
=disappointing^frustrating沮丧的
-inhumane/merciless残酷的
^stringent严厉的(后面一般跟laws,measures或者rules)=
overweight/obe(后面这个已经胖出病了)
interested=beabsorbedin/beengrosdin有兴趣
=tranquil安静的andrene(美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用)
sappointing=lamentable可怜的/pathetic可怜的感伤的
(for)=bebeneficial(to)=beinthebestinterests(of)
sgoodas=beinferiorto不如...好
erthan=besuperiorto比...好
ame=beidentical完全相同的/behomogenous/beuniform(后面两个
词比较正式,一般是说culturalglobalization的时候常用,现在理解为什么小幅
的名词叫schooluniforms了吧,就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服)
-monotonous/repetitivemundane(注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并
不是“世俗的”意思/humdrum单调的无聊的
Strange=complicated=intricateodd/bizarre/eccentric(weird有/点过于口语化了)
interesting-stimulating
beturnedback=beirreversible
eufulresults=productive
ent"distinctive与久不同的=diver/various各种各样的
派生:differently^distinctively
伤上Peoplearepaiddistinctivelybytheircontributions
=frequently经常=constantly不断地(Onefrequentlycitiedthefact
that...)
105.
106.
107mostsuitable=fitting合适的,适宜的/optimal最佳的,最理想的
=isolated/alienatedsolitary
lyinfluencedbysth.=besusceptibletosth.(一般是坏事情,比如a
dia/attacks)
s^redundant
110.
=distinguished=renowned著名的,有声望的
ve-desirable令人满意的/encouraging
njoyable=delighteddelightful
d=beavailable
understand(laws/rules/people)=bewildering/baffling/confusing"
不解,困惑”
116.
y=wholesome(注意说人的健康还是要用healthy,但是如果说事物有
益健康,就可以用wholesome“合乎卫生的,健全的”)
rtheenvironment=eco-friendly(比如Bikingisfarmoreeco-friendly
thandrivingtheirSUVs.)
liarwith=bewell-acquaintedwith
s/anxious=apprehensive忧虑的,不安的・disturbing
th=beskepticalaboutsth.-quintesntial(这个语气非常强)
=justified
^unwarranted/unjustifiable
^enormous/massive/vast/colossal>numerous(注意要F艮可数名词)
=tiny/miniscule(后面一般跟抽象名词)/
nydifferentabilities=bewell-rounded面面俱到,多才多艺的proper=
appropriatepreci/~accurateunsightly
-quality=substandard不符合规格的(housing/accommodation/work/
goods/machines)
alifiedfor=beeligiblefor合格的,符合条件的
nt...=thecurrent.../theexisting...(比如thecurrentfinancialcrisis/the
existingenvironmentalproblems)
ed=antiquated废弃,过时的/obsolete废弃的,老式的
131.
extravagant/alavishlife
ssive(开明的,逐步的,经常用来形容government或者society)
carriedout=ulsory/atory强制的
uingwithlonghistory=time-honored(后面经常跟抽象名词,比如
tradition/practice/methods/heritage)
r=perpetual永久的
ant=significant/esntial/vital(这三个词的重要性依次递增)
135.-
=erroneous错误的,不正确的
dabitannoying=lengthy
fficult=daunting令人怯步的,使人畏缩的/formidable强大的,可怕
的,艰难的
preadinuncontrolledway=rampant猖獗的(后面经常跟负面现象,比
如crime,pollution或者discrimination)
146.
wrongopinionsincludingmanythings=skewed歪斜的/biad(这两
个词一般在IELTS媒体类话题使用,表示“有偏见的”)
=comprehensive(综合的,全面的)adequate/sufficient/ample/
abundant注意这四个(词的语气是逐渐递增的)complete(adj.)完全的完整的
h=excessive
ttle=minimal(注意不是minimum)
152.
153.
=pressing(problems)
155.--
managesth.~perform/conduct(注意这里的perform不是“表演”而是"从事")
s动词strengthen/fortify/reinforce/consolidatesth.
^enhance/better/boost(很少看到国内考生用better当动词,
其实在学术写作中bettersth.是挺常见的表达)
becomemorethan=exceed/surpass/
growfast=growdramatically/soar/rocket
fallfast=falldrastically/plunge/plummet
caubadeffects=counterproductive“达不到预期目的的"(其实地道英文写作里
这个词不见得和生产有关,只要阻止人们达到目的,都可以写它
counterproductive)
harm(vt.)[派生]harmful[派生]beharmfulto=damage^destroy/ruin(这两
个词比damage程度更重)(后面足艮thecityscape/scenery/spoil
environment)
undermine(后面跟抽象概念,比如stability/socialorder/harmony)jeopardize(后
面跟抽象概念,比如one*sfuture/one*scareer)
tarnish使失去光泽,玷污(后面跟one,sreputation/image)
sap伤元气,使衰竭/dampen抑制(后面跟one'nthusiasm/interest/confidence)
=aggravate/exacerbate使加居ljsth.
caubadeffects=counterproductive“达不到预期目的的"(其实地道英文写作里
这个词不见得和生产有关,只要阻止人们达到目的,都可以写它
counterproductive)
=weaken/erode(侵蚀)/control...(anegativetrend)curb扌中
制...(crime/pollution/economicrecessions)
-regulatesth.//ari(后者的主语一般是抽象概念,比如debate)
=refrainfromdoingsth.
eeffect禾利的影响^detrimental不利的,有害的(a(y.)~poathreatto
decrea^decline/dwindle特指逐渐缓慢的减少)dip/slip(/(后两个词用来指短
促的下降)
reduce=diminish使减少(多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题)
increa=augment增大(多用于政府投资类话题)
leadto=actasacatalyst
AhasmadeB+adj.=AhasrenderedB+adj./n.致使(这里的宾语B后面只能是跟
形容词或者名词)
AhasmadeBdosth.=Ahaspromoted/h.(注意这两个词后面的
宾语之后不能省略to)
muchhigher^considerably/substantially大体上,实质上/significantlyhigheralittle
higher=marginally['ma:d3inoli]少量地,最低限地higher/slightlyhigher/
fractionally极小地,微小地higher
=initiate(后者跟抽象概念更多,比如initiatetheconflict)/commence
=cea
ppear=disappear=goextinct^evaporate蒸发,消失
啊!].Iamasomewhatshyindividual,butIhavefoundthatwithinthemedical
environmentmyshynesvaporates.
...free=relea(prisoners/stress)
e^neglect/overlook
^bridgethegapbetweenAandB(注意这里bridge作动词)[反
义]widenthegapbetweenAandB
edtodosth.=becompelledtodosth.
mplainingaboutsth.=grumble['gtAmbl]aboutsth.“抱怨"
dtodosth.-pursuesth.(one'sgoal/one'scareer/businessinterests/
maximumprofit/hegemony)
carryout=implement使生效
turn...into...=convert...to/into...
spread=propagate传播,宣传/disminate(这两个词后面经常跟information/
ideas/belief这类名词)flourish/thrive
develop(这里作"培cultivate/foster/nurture(这三个词后面经常跟和养”的意思
教育有关的名词,比如aninterestinsocialissues)
湘关]fast-developingburgeoning萌芽的adopt(注意这个词不是adapt适应,而
是接纳,accept采纳的意思)build=constructgathermeasureteachsth.
garner『ga:no]“获得”,但这个词只能用在很正式的意思,而且略有贬义,比如
garnerfunding,garnersupportduringtheUNclimateconferenceatCopenhagengauge,
比measure稍正式一点-impartsth./inculcate['inkAlkeit谆谆教导sth.
(注意如果teach后面是人则不要善换)
start=create^initiate"开始,创造”多用于政府类话题
generate(一般是大规模的产生,比如generateemploymentopportunities/generate
taxrevenue/electricity)
breed(一般是产生消极的东西,比如conflict/crime/rentment)spawn(一般
是产生新事物,比如spawninventions/innovations)
support=espou[Pspauz]支持,后面跟某种重要的事业,类似的还有动词
champion(作动词不是冠军的意思了)和动词sanction66制裁,处罚,认可支持”
(它作名词则变成了“制裁”)
prai-compliment/extol(后面这个语气很强)
beworthyofsth二dervesth.值得拥有...例J:shedervesourpraiand
appreciation
support-buttress支持物,扶壁/bolster支持prove=confirmverify核证,查实
understand...tomean.../tobe...choosth./inlargenumbers
u-utilize/exploitrecycleworkassiduously
gain篇acquire(注意acquire/gainknowledge比learnknowledge在地道英文中
更加常见)
consider=contemplate/reflecton/ponder
meet=encounter,多用于政府,文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题provide=
affordsth.(在正式英文写作中,afford经常可以表示"提供”need=require(注
意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need,但如果主语是事物,则可以改用
require)
rai=elevate使振奋情绪,就是正式版的rai,但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养
小孩的意思
ch-haveanaffinityforsth./haveastrongattachmenttosth.
beunhappyabout=complainabout(v.)/bediscontendedwith(adj.)
askfor=request
looklikesth.=remblesth.
treat...poorly=mistreat.../abu..."虐待"
le=valuesth./treasuresth./cherishsth."珍惜,珍藏某物"
=maintain/prerve(这个词后面经常F艮traditions/culturalheritage/wildanimals/
naturalresources等)
keepmix...together=blend/combine/synthesizetackle/combat/addressdiscern
interpret...as...(很多时候这个词并不是口译,而是把...理解为....)
optforsth./opttodosth.
achieve=fulfill(one'sdream/one'sgoal/one'spotential/one'sobligation/one's
promi/one'stask)sproutup/mushroom
make...lessrious=relieve/ea/alleviate(作文中经常用到的搭配有relievestress/
alleviatepoverty/eathetrafficcongestion等)
pay...for(one'sloss)=compensate...for...
trytodosth.=trenuous/anarduous/apainstakingefforttodo
sth.
contributeto=reward...for.../pay...for(one'ffort)
acceleratesth./(大家应该已经
注意到了,新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight这个词用来比较事物的
重要性或者利弊,在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇)promote/
facilitate(这两个词都是及物动词,所以不需要跟to)preventthedevelopmentof
=hinder/impede/inhibit/obstruct...
esth.
ch=hate=abhor/detest/loatherent/holdagrudgeagainstavoid-
bypass/eschew避开/limit=restrict/constrain
isnotlimitedto...=shunisnotrestrictedto.../isnotconfinedto...(经常用来描述一
个trend不仅限于某个范围)
besosurprid=beastonished/beastounded/bestartleddecide=determine下决,L、
moveto...=relocateto...重新安置/havebeenrelocatedto...
comefrom...=originatefrom/in...
improve^boost/enhance(t匕如boostsolidarity增进团结/enhanceproductivity提
高生产率)
waste=u...lavishly
attack=assailu着手解决,质问”(语气更强烈)curtail“剥夺特权,缩减”(多
用于政府投资类话题)/
help=assistassistance
tup=establish
change=alter
change...alot=fundamentallychange.../radicallychange.../transform...
solve^address/combat
correct(vt.)=rectify(amistake)
takedown=demolish拆除,破坏/raze拆毁(谈到拆老建筑的时候常用)
ban...altogether/strictly/prohibit...
criticize=condemn/denounce这两个词一般用于政府类话(题,但不要用在教育
类)
increa=showanupwardtrend/beontheri
反义:showadownwardtrendhingeon=becontingenton(意思是:取决于)
dependon=relyon(意思是:依靠.)
dealwith=copewith
doone'sbesttodosth.=commitonelftodoingsth./strivetodosth./doone'sutmostto
dosth./sparenoefforttodosth.
uup=exhaust(energy/resources)/stretch(resources)tothelimitreportthe
detailsofsth.=hicdetail
cusingon...=...
spendAonB~dedicateAtoB
utoomuch...=stretch...tothelimit/putastrainon...
pour=discharge排放,(环境类话题常用,比如dischargechemicalwasteintorivers,
streamsandlakes)
getudto=getaccustomedto
dieout=goextinct
continuetoexist^persist
comewith...=beattendedby/beaccompaniedby...
broadenone'shorizons=expandone'soutlook/enlargeone'svision(broadenone's
horizons这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值)」
breakthelaw=violatethelaw
on=incarceratesb.
makelawsagainst...=legislateagainst...
[相关]law
legislation(名词,注意law在特指具体的法律时可以用复数,但是legislation不
能用复数)
obey服从,顺从=abideby/complywith/conformto(后面跟thelaw/rules/
regulations等)
commitacrime(注意作文中不要用makeacrime这样不地道的英文)reverttocrime
(这里的crime作不可数名词)
punish[派生]punishmentpenalize处罚penalty罚金
=stimulate(后面经常F艮imagination/creativity/interest/
economicgrowth等词V匚)
makeone'sdreamcometrue=fulfillone'spotential/attainone'sgoal
havetherighttodosth.=beentitledtodosth.
stickto=adhereto/clingto(注意后面这个有时候略带贬义)
meetthedemand/satisfytheneed
take...awayfromsb.=...(省略号中可以填入freedom/leisuretime/the
rightto等值得拥有的内容)
伤!I:Trafficcongestionandenvironmentalpollutiondeprivecity-dwellersofthe
healthylivingcondition.交通拥堵和环境污染剥夺了诚实居住者健康的生活环境
clearperspectiveofgoastray(作文中如果写青少年"误入歧途",
就不要再写getlost)
spendtoomuchtimeon=beaddictedto/bepreoccupiedwith/beobsdwith(这三
个词组的语气越来越强)
preparefor...=pavethewayfor.../laythegroundworkfor.../layasolidfoundationfor...
(为...・.・打好基础)〜
breakthebalanceAandB=uptthebalancestrikeabalancebetweenAandB(在A
和B之间争取一种平衡)
catch=capture抓住,捕获
think...as=regard...as/view...as/perceive...as
getridof=eliminate/removeabolish(多用于政府类话题,废除)
make...higher=driveup(后面经常F艮thecrimerate/unemploymentrate)more
andmore+adj.
副词Increasingly+adj.但要注意如果后面不是adj.而是noun,那么就可以用an
increasingnumberof(跟可数名词)/
anincreasingamountof(跟不可数名词)来代替primarily/principally/、、mainly
=chiefly
Intheolddays,..Traditionally,.../Historically,...
now-currently
Actually户Technically,...(严格来说它的意思并不是“事实上”,但在学术写作
中它是一个表示“精确地说”非常棒的词语)
verysoon^immediately/
notoftenatall=rarely
completely^entirely
tcarefulthought=ively
blindly=indiscriminately(不加选择的)/mechanically(机械的)onlyalittle/abit-
merely(注意只有alittle/abit后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换)
somewhat(注意只有alittle/abit后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换)mainly
=primarily/principally/chiefly短语或句型
about=regarding/concerning/withrespectto/withregardtobefore^priorto...
afew=ahandfulof(iW注意仅指少数时acoupleof容易被挑剔的考官判为过于
口语化)
Although...,therealsituationis...
=Hypothetically,.../Theoretically,.../Intheory/Ideally,...—Butinreality,.../Butin
actuality,.../Butinpractice,...(Ideally指“理想化地说")
Mostyoungpeople...needstobechanged=Youngpeopletendto...=Youngpeople
typically...(tendto和typically都是表示某一类人多半会怎样做的常用表达)is
cryingoutforreform(固定短语)
bepunishedbythelaw=bebroughttojustice
er=makeaconcertedefforttodosth.
=...
isbadon...=ispredictedon...
havenochoicebutto...=havenooptionbutto.../havenoalternativebutto...
beworthwhile=...beworththeeffort
andsoon=etc.(前面可加逗号)
isclolyconnectedthrough=isintrinsicallylinkedto...
bywayof(介词短语)
onthewhole=overall
inthisaspect=inthisregard=inthisrespect(这里不是尊重的意思,而是指某方面)
notwithstanding(请注意这三个词都是后面不是紧跟名词或者名词短语,而不可
以直接跟从句)
becauof=dueto/owingto(新托福作文中这两个词组后面经常是跟负面含义的
名词)
before(时间)=priorto
infact=asamatteroffact=inesnce/esntially(inesnce/esntially的意思是
“本质上”)
besidesapartfrom
about/around=approximately
Itisobviousthat...=Itividentthat...
stops.=oastandstill
besimilarto...=beakinto...(学术写作中相当常见的句型)
AisasadjasB=Aiqually+adj.=AbecomparabletoB同等的,相当的伤!]
Teachersshouldbepaidasmuchasthoofdoctors,lawyersorbusinessleaders.
=...shouldbepaidequallymuchtothobepaidcomparabletotho...
Itisimpossiblethat...=Itishighlyunlikelythat...
talwaysremainthesame.=arvedinstone(某事物并非一成不
变)
Ahighpercentageof...=Theproportionof...isveryhigh.(....的比伤!J彳艮
高)
Thecauof...is...=canbeattributedto/canbeascribedto...(可以归因于..・)=no
matter=
despite/inspiteof=regardlessof/irrespectiveof(注意nomatter后面一般F艮从
句,regardlessof和irrespectiveof后而面多数时候跟名词或者名词短语)talking
about.../speakingof=intermsof...(经常用来限制一个命题的适用范围,比如In
termsofculture,ermsoftraffic,itisinferior.)
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