2英汉互译中的which从句

2英汉互译中的which从句

英译汉和汉译英中的which定语从句

可以说，我们在翻译时频繁遇到的从句句型恐怕要数定语从句

（五个关系代词，三个关系副词所引导），而非限定性定语从句中出

现最多、功能最全的恐怕就是which引导的。在科技英语中，关系代

词which 的用途更广, 用来引导定语从句时, 可以替代主句中的一个词、

词组，甚至整个主句，称为先行词，有时其意义甚至相当于一个状语

从句。

译写教程P114

英语定语从句（包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）的通

常译法是：前置定语译法、分句译法、压缩融合译法以及状语化译

法。?（一）译成前置定语法

(4) The moon, which had hidden in the clouds all day, now

came out in all its beauty.

整天躲在云彩后边的月亮，现在又露出了美丽的面容。

(5) Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously

large and bulky radios light and small.

采用体积较小的晶体管可以使先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得

又轻又小。

（二）分句译法

有些定语从句的结构较复杂，译成前置定语会显得太长，不符合

汉语表达习惯，可以将此类定语从句单译成一个句子，置于主语之后。

例如：

(1) A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable

temperature and produce heat.

燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并释放出热量。

(2) Between tho two tiny particles, the proton and the

electron, there a powerful attraction that is always prent

between negative and positive

electric charges.

在质子和电子这两个微粒之间，有一个很大的吸引力，这个吸引

力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。

(5) The process of combining with oxygen is oxidation, of

which burning is one type.

与氧结合的过程就是氧化，燃烧就是其中的一种。

（三）压缩融合法

英语中的“there be”结构和谓语动词是be的句子中所含的定语

从句，还有其它与主句的关系比较密切的定语从句，汉译时往往将主

句和定语从句融合在一起译成一个简单句，将原句中的定语从句翻译

成单句中的谓语部分。例如：

(2) There will be a special discount for anybody who orders

the shoes of size 34.

任何人订购34码的鞋都将享受特殊的折扣优惠。

(3) We are people that are ready to support the cau of

other nations.

我国的人民总是乐于支持他国人民的事业。

(4) Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically

compensated for temperature changes.

好闹钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差。

(5) He ud a plane of which almost every part carried some

indication of national identity.

他驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有某些国籍标志。

（四）状语化译法

在英语中，有些定语从句和主语的关系不密切，它从语法上看是

定语从句，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主语、谓语或全句的，

起状语作用。在这种情况下，要从意义入手，把句子中的定语从句译

成汉语偏正复句中的一个分句，即表示表示原因、结果、条件、目的、

让步等关系的状语从句。例如：

1、译为表示目的的状语从句

(1) They have built up a new university there, where students

will be trained to be engineers and scientists.

他们在那里建了一所大学，以培养工程师和科学家。

(2) The Security Council pasd a resolution on enforcing

economic sanctions upon Iraq, which extends support to Kuwait

in safeguarding its sovereignty.

安理会通过了一项经济制裁伊拉克的决议，旨在支持科威特捍卫

自己的主权。?(3) Mary decided to wear that beautiful white dress,

which would distinguish her from others at the ball.

玛丽决定穿那件漂亮的白色裙子参加舞会，以使自己与众不同。

2、译为表示原因的状语从句

(1) He didn’t watch the soap opera, which he thought

uninteresting. ?他没看那部电视连续剧，因为他认为那部连续剧没意

思。

(2) The little boy who was afraid of waking his father walked

quietly out of the living-room.

因为担心吵醒父亲，那个小男孩悄悄地走出了起居室。

(3) Beware of white flowers in Japan where they are often

associated with death.

在日本使用白花要小心，因为白花常常和死亡连在一起。

3、译为表示结果的状语从句

(1) Copper, which is widely ud for carrying electricity, offers

very little resistance.

铜的电阻很小，所以被广泛用来传输电力。

(2) There was something original, independent, and heroic

about the music that plead all the listeners.

这首乐曲富于创造性、独具一格，很有魄力，因此听者都很喜欢

它。

4、译为表示条件的状语从句

(1) The remainder of the atom from which one or more

electrons are removed must be positively charged.

如果从原子中移走一个或多个电子，则该原子的其余部分必定带

正电。

(2) It is now understood that a diet which contains nothing

harmful may result in rious dia if certain important

element are missing.

人们现在已经懂得，如果饮食中缺少了某些成分，即使其中不含

任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。

(3) Many laid-off workers become desperate for work, any

work, which will help them to keep alive their families.

许多下岗工人拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一家

人的生活就行。

5．译为表示让步的状语从句

(1) Electric computers, which have many advantages, can not

carry out creative work and replace man.

尽管电子计算机有很多优点，但是他们不能进行创造性的工作，

也不能取代人。

(2) Air will completely fill any container, in which it may be

placed.

不管空气装在什么样的容器里，它都能把容器装满。

(3) There was no respect even for Albert Einstein in Hitler's

Germany, who only wanted to think of the problems beyond time

and space and politics.

即使像爱因斯坦那样只想考虑那些超脱时间、空间和政治问题的

人，在希特勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。

汉译英中灵活运用Which从句

出现，翻译成英语时，为了避免重复，可以用which来引导一个定语

从句来代替。

例如：

在所谓高等动物中，生物体由许多细胞组成，这些细胞进而组成

高度分化的组织和器官，执行特殊功能。

In the so-called higher forms of life, organisms are compod

of many cells, which （in turn）constitute highly specialized

tissues and organs to perform specific functions.

Which的补缺作用：在汉语句中，为了语气的通顺和简练，本该

在两个分句中都出现的名词，在后面的句子中被省略，翻译成英语时，

可以用which来补缺。

例如：为了求压强，我们把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单

位面积上的压力。

To find the pressure, we divide the force by the area on which

it press, which gives us the force per unit area. （有因果关系在

其中）

More examples for the u of a non-restrictive relative clau

例1：农业是国民经济赖以生存和发展的基础，没有农业，人们就

不能生存，社会生产就不能继续。

Agriculture is the basis for the survival and development of

the national economy，without which people could not exist and

neither can social production continue.

例2：一切科技成就都是建立在理性思维的基础上的，没有理性思

维就不能有科学。

All scientific achievements are bad on rational thinking,

without which there could have been no science.

例3：在过去的十几年里，可能没有任何其它话题比领导艺术更受

到管理研究者的关注。在管理人员的培训和开发方面，领导艺术也是

热门话题之一。这表明专业管理人员对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥

秘感兴趣。（同等学力英语考试真题）

在过去的十几年里，可能没有任何其它话题比领导艺术更受到管

理研究者的关注

Over / In the past few decades，dozen years perhaps no

other topic has drawn/ received / attracted more attention from

management rearchers than the art of leadership.

Another version

It is also one of the hottest topics in the training and

exploiting of management personnel，which indicates that

professional management are interested in probing the mystery

of effective leadership.

It is also one of the hottest topics in the management

training and development，which shows that professional

management are interested in discovering the crets to effective

leadership.

课外练习

1. 在所谓高等动物中，生物体由许多细胞组成，这些细胞进而组

成高度分化的组织和器官，执行特异性的功能。Organism, higher

forms of life highly specified

2. 空气是一种气体混合物，在该混合物中氧气的体积占21%。

3. 能量对这些生命活动是必需的，而能量在正常情况下从食物中

获得。

4. 空气是一种混合物，它的组成成分在化学工业中有很大的用处。

5. 动物呼吸空气，通过肺把其中的氧气吸收到血液里。

1 In the so-called higher forms of life, organisms are

compod of many cells, which constitute highly specialized

tissues and organs to perform specific functions.

2 Air is a mixture of gas, of which oxygen forms 21 per cent

by volume.

3 Necessary for the life process is energy, which is

normally obtained from foods.

4 Air is a mixture, the components of which are of great u

in the chemical industry.

5 Animals inhale air from which the oxygen is absorbed

through lungs.

6. 高层大气被认为是由若干近似同心层concentric layers构成的，

包括对流层和同温层troposphere and stratosphere 。

7. 部分能量被转化为热，来帮助维持体温在37℃。

8. 用5%硼酸溶液boric acid solution处理10-20分钟，对减轻

疼痛，防止继发性感染condary infection有一定的作用。

9. 为了求压强，我们把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单位面

积上的压力。

10. 如果病人在医院治疗，通常的办法是不给这种药，因为这药的

效果不如其它两种药好，而且容易引起副作用。

6 The upper atmosphere is believed to consist of a number

of roughly concentric

layers which include one troposphere and stratosphere.

7 Some of the energy is converted into heat, which helps to

maintain our body

temperature at about 37 C.

8 Five percent boric acid solution is applied over the burnt

area for 10-20 minutes,

which helps to relieve the pain and prevent condary

infection.

9 To find the pressure, we divide the force by the area on

which it press, which

gives us the force per unit area. （有因果关系在其中）

10 If the patient is being treated in hospital the usual practice

is to omit this drug,

which is less potent than the other two and more liable to

cau side-effect